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报告摘要

Summary of Subsidies for Residential Heat Pumps in Europe

Rationale for Subsidies

Investment costs for heat pumps remain higher than fossil fuel-based heating systems, necessitating financial incentives to overcome barriers. The EU's REPowerEU plan and other policies aim to accelerate the transition to clean heating by redirecting subsidies away from fossil fuels and toward heat pumps, emphasizing decarbonization targets.

EU Legislation

Key Policies: Directives such as the Renewable Energy Directive and Energy Efficiency Directive promote energy transition and decarbonization. REPowerEU sets a 2030 renewable target of 45%, doubling heat pump deployment rates and focusing on fiscal incentives, bans on fossil fuel boilers, and integration of renewable heating technologies.
Calls for Action: EHPA advocates for long-term policy ambition, skills training, R&D, and making clean heating financially competitive through sustained incentives.

Types of Subsidies

Subsidies include grants, tax deductions, low-interest loans, and programs covering renovations and new buildings. Common mechanisms:

Direct Financial Support: Grants for equipment installation, covering up to 70% or more of costs in some countries.
Indirect Measures: Energy efficiency upgrades, building codes mandating heat pump use, carbon taxes, and bans on fossil fuel heating devices. Examples include tax rebates in Denmark and Croatia.
New Build Focus: Policies like Ireland's building regulations require renewable energy sources (e.g., heat pumps) in new constructions.

Country Overview

Existing Programs: Countries vary widely; e.g., Austria offers grants up to €7,500 for low-GWP heat pumps, while Belgium (Flanders) provides €3,000–€6,000 for ATW/GSHP in renovations. Switzerland uses cantonal grants, such as CHF 5,000 for ATW replacements.
End Dates and Barriers: Many schemes have expiration dates (e.g., Czech Republic, Hungary), and low-income households may receive targeted support. Nations like Poland and Finland have strong carbon and efficiency measures.
Notable Exclusions: Small markets or inactive programs in Bulgaria, Estonia, etc., are omitted.

EHPA's Role

EHPA represents over 180 European heat pump stakeholders, advocating for policy support and decarbonization. By 2030, it aims for heat pumps to be the primary heating choice in Europe.

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