IRENA-借助可再生能源实现零排放（英文）-2020.9-6页_395kb

Summary: Reaching Zero with Renewables

Core Content

This document outlines the critical role of renewable energy in achieving zero carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in energy-intensive industrial and transport sectors by around 2060. It emphasizes that the transition to zero emissions is necessary to limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C and that it will be particularly challenging in these sectors due to their high energy demand and complex operations.

Key Sectors and Emissions

Energy-Intensive Industrial Sectors

• Iron and steel: In 2017, emitted 3.1 Gt of CO₂.
• Chemicals and petrochemicals: In 2017, emitted 1.7 Gt of CO₂.
• Cement and lime: In 2017, consumed 15.6 EJ of energy, with only 6% from renewables; emitted 2.5 Gt of CO₂.
• Aluminium: In 2017, consumed 4.5 EJ of energy, with 16% from renewables; emitted 0.4 Gt of CO₂.

These four industries and three transport sectors (road freight, aviation, shipping) are identified as the hardest to decarbonize, potentially accounting for 38% of energy and process emissions and 29% of final energy use by 2050 without significant policy and industrial changes.

Renewable Solutions for Zero Emissions

Renewables, along with demand reduction and energy efficiency, could account for over 80% of the CO₂ emission reductions needed in these sectors.

Five Key Emission Reduction Measures

1. Reduced demand and improved energy efficiency
2. Direct use of clean, predominantly renewable, electricity
3. Direct use of renewable heat and biomass
4. Indirect use of clean electricity via synthetic fuels and feedstocks
5. Use of carbon dioxide removal measures (e.g., CCUS)

Sector-Specific Options

Iron and Steel

• Hydrogen-based direct reduction of iron using green hydrogen.
• Electric arc furnace-based steel production with renewable energy inputs.

Chemicals and Petrochemicals

• Biomass for feedstocks and renewables for energy.
• Synthetic hydrocarbons made from green hydrogen and clean CO₂.
• CCUS for process and waste emissions.
• Circular economy and permanent carbon storage in products.

Cement and Lime

• Reducing clinker use with alternative binders.
• Fuel switching to renewables.
• CCUS for abating emissions.
• Biomass with CCS (BECCS) to produce negative emissions.

Aluminium

• Renewable power and inert anodes for production.

Road Freight

• Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) charged with renewable electricity.
• Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) using green hydrogen.
• Advanced biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels.

Aviation

• Biojet fuel from sustainable biomass.
• E-fuels made from clean CO₂ and green hydrogen.
• Battery-powered aircraft using renewable electricity.

Shipping

• Advanced biofuels (e.g., biodiesel, bio-methanol).
• E-fuels such as green methanol, ammonia, and methane.

Challenges and Recommendations

Challenges

• Most renewable-based solutions are not yet commercially mature.
• High costs, long payback periods, and technological uncertainties.
• Need for enabling infrastructure ahead of demand.
• Competitiveness and carbon leakage risks for early adopters.
• Gaps in carbon accounting and lack of coordinated planning.

Recommendations

1. Pursue a renewables-based strategy for end-use sectors with a clear end goal of zero emissions.
2. Develop a shared vision and strategy, involving all major stakeholders.
3. Build confidence and knowledge through demonstration and lighthouse projects.
4. Plan and deploy new infrastructure for renewable power, biofuels, and e-fuels.
5. Foster early demand for green products and services.
6. Develop tailored approaches to access finance, considering high CAPEX and long payback periods.
7. Collaborate across borders to share costs and explore options.
8. Establish clear pathways through regulations and standards.
9. Support RD&D and systemic innovation to bridge capability gaps and reduce costs.

Conclusion

Achieving zero emissions in key industry and transport sectors is a complex and urgent challenge. The report highlights that renewable energy, combined with innovative technologies and strategic policy actions, is central to this transition. While significant progress has been made in decarbonizing the power sector, similar efforts are now needed in end-use sectors. With the right planning, investment, and collaboration, the goal of zero emissions is achievable.