2013年-世界发展银行全球_Republic_of_South_Sudan___The_Rapid_Water_Sector_Needs_Assessment_and_a_Way_Forward_151页_6mb

报告摘要

Summary of the Rapid Water Sector Needs Assessment and a Way Forward in South Sudan

Core Content

This document presents a Rapid Water Sector Needs Assessment and outlines a Way Forward for the Republic of South Sudan, focusing on the country's water sector challenges, policy framework, and strategic development opportunities. The assessment was conducted by the World Bank in collaboration with the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) of South Sudan, with the objective of supporting the transition from post-conflict recovery to sustainable development.

Main Objectives

To assess the current state of water resources and their use in South Sudan.
To identify key development challenges and opportunities.
To support the formulation of a strategic framework for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and for integrated water resource management (IWRM).
To provide recommendations for policy, institutional, and programmatic improvements.

Key Findings

Water Sector Challenges

South Sudan is a landlocked country with a population of about 8.3 million, of which 83% live in rural areas.
Only 27% have access to improved water supply and 15% to improved sanitation.
Subsistence rain-fed agriculture and livestock raising (mainly cattle) are the main livelihood systems, covering 95% of the population.
Poverty and vulnerability are widespread, with a poverty rate of 51% (GOSS 2011b).
Rainfall is seasonal and highly variable, limiting agricultural productivity and creating challenges for water supply in the dry season.
Irrigated agriculture is minimal, with only ~2,000 hectares under irrigation in the Renk scheme, and other schemes are either derelict or dysfunctional.
Livestock water security is a major issue, especially in the dry season and marginal rainfall areas.
Fishing is a key livelihood for 12–15% of the population, and water resources development can support food security and poverty reduction.

Water Resource Potential

Agricultural potential is high, with ~70% of the land area suitable for agriculture (647,000 km²).
Hydropower potential is significant, with the Bahr el Jebel hydropower cascade estimated to yield ~2,105 MW, compared to current 22 MW of installed capacity.
Water conservation and management are essential for improving rain-fed agriculture productivity and supporting sustainable livelihoods.

Policy and Strategy

The 2011–13 South Sudan Development Plan (SSDP) includes four pillars, one of which is economic development, emphasizing the exploitation of natural resources and infrastructure.
The Water Policy of South Sudan (approved in 2007) outlines a vision for promoting efficient, equitable, and sustainable water use and the effective delivery of water and sanitation services.
The policy emphasizes integrated water resource management (IWRM), institutional structure, separation of functions, and social dimensions of water management, particularly in conflict prevention.

Strategic Framework

The WASH Strategic Framework (completed in 2011) is a key step in implementing the 2007 water policy. It identifies priority areas for intervention such as:

Water resources management
Sanitation and hygiene
Rural and urban water supply

The framework also calls for:

Subsector action plans and investment plans
Improved data collection and analysis for water and related sectors
Conflict prevention and mediation capacities
Stakeholder participation in planning and decision-making

Institutional and Governance Structure

The MWRI has proposed a governance structure for the water sector, including:

A Water Resources Council
A WASH Advisory Board
A Water Resources Management Authority

This structure aims to facilitate coordination among sectors and ministries and ensure sustainable planning, allocation, and use of water resources.

Way Forward

The assessment outlines several next steps and recommendations:

Enhance water conservation and management through improved monitoring, data collection, and analysis.
Develop small-scale irrigation systems to increase agricultural productivity and support livelihoods.
Secure sustainable water facilities for livestock and fisheries.
Improve access to water supply and sanitation, especially for rural and conflict-affected populations.
Promote hydropower development, both large-scale and mini-hydro, to support energy needs.
Strengthen institutional capacity and governance mechanisms.
Implement transboundary water management in collaboration with neighboring countries.
Introduce water abstraction permits, taxes, and tariffs to support sustainable financing.
Support research and innovation in water resource management (WRM) to address key challenges.
Encourage collaborative approaches between the MWRI, MAFCRD, MARF, and ME, with a focus on microwatershed interventions and capacity building.

Conclusion

The rapid assessment highlights the critical role of water resources in South Sudan's development and the need for integrated, sustainable, and participatory approaches to manage and develop these resources. It emphasizes the importance of addressing food insecurity, poverty, and conflict through strategic water sector interventions. The transition from emergency recovery to development is a key opportunity to build a resilient and sustainable water sector.

Key Information

Population: ~8.3 million, with 83% in rural areas.
Water Access: 27% have improved water supply, 15% have improved sanitation.
Agricultural Land: ~70% of the land area is suitable for agriculture.
Hydropower Potential: The Bahr el Jebel cascade could generate ~2,105 MW.
Irrigation: Only ~2,000 ha under irrigation; most schemes are dysfunctional.
Water Policy: Approved in 2007, promotes IWRM, equity, and sustainability.
Strategic Framework: Completed in 2011, outlines subsector actions and investment plans.
Governance Structure: Includes Water Resources Council, WASH Advisory Board, and Water Resources Management Authority.
Donor Support: Aligned with government priorities and implementation capacity.