2022-03-07-IRENA-Urban_Energy_Transition_for_the_Greater_Metropolitan_Area_of_the_Central_Valley_of_Costa_Rica_52页_9mb

报告摘要

Costa Rica aims for net-zero emissions by 2050, with 75% of the population living in urban areas. The Greater Metropolitan Area is key to achieving national decarbonization goals.
Decarbonization challenges include high transport emissions, reliance on fossil fuels, and the need for renewable energy integration.

Decarbonization Pathways: Two main scenarios were evaluated—National Decarbonization Plan (NDP) and Net Zero Carbon (NZC)—both technically feasible by 2050.
- The NDP reduces emissions by 85% by 2050 through renewable energy dominance and electrification.
- The NZC scenario achieves near-zero emissions (90-98%) by electrifying all sectors and maximizing renewable use.
Technologies: Solar PV (most cost-effective), wind power, air-source heat pumps, energy storage, and green hydrogen are central to decarbonization.
Costs and Savings:
- Decarbonization leads to energy cost savings (up to 18% by 2050) due to lower operational costs from renewables and energy efficiency.
- High-density cities face higher initial costs due to limited space for technologies, while low-density areas benefit from widespread renewable deployment.

Sector Coupling: Integration of renewable energy with transport, buildings, and industry (e.g., EV charging, hydrogen fuel cells) enhances emission reductions.
Renewable Potential: Solar and wind resources vary by district; GIS-based planning optimizes renewable deployment.
Socioeconomic Benefits: Decarbonization reduces traffic congestion, improves air quality, and creates jobs.

Institutional coordination, grid infrastructure upgrades, and fiscal concerns (e.g., tariffs, subsidies) hinder implementation.
High-carbon sectors (industrial, transport) require policy shifts (e.g., carbon pricing, tax reforms) for feasible electrification.

Strengthen institutional coordination and develop long-term strategies with intermediate targets.
Utilize advanced planning tools (GIS, IRENA’s Planning Platform) for renewable integration.
Prioritize energy efficiency, EV adoption, and circular economy practices.
Address cross-sectoral challenges through regulatory reforms and public-private partnerships.

Urban-level decarbonization is technically feasible and economically beneficial, with minimal technological barriers by 2050.
Collaboration between national and local governments, along with citizen engagement, is crucial for achieving climate goals.

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