2018美国科学与工程指标（英文版）_26页_691kb

2018 Science & Engineering Indicators Summary

Core Content

The 2018 Science & Engineering Indicators report provides an overview of the global and U.S. science and engineering (S&E) landscape, focusing on research and development (R&D) spending, innovation, STEM education, and workforce trends. The report is prepared by the National Science Board (NSB) and serves as a factual, policy-neutral resource for understanding the state of S&E in the U.S. and internationally.

Main Themes and Key Points

Global R&D: A Measure of Innovation Commitment

• R&D Expenditures: Global R&D spending reached nearly $2 trillion in 2015, doubling from $984 billion in 2005 and $722 billion in 2000.
• Regional Concentration: R&D is concentrated in East/Southeast and South Asia, North America, and Europe.
• Top R&D Performers: The U.S., China, Japan, Germany, South Korea, France, India, and the U.K. accounted for ~75% of global R&D in 2015.
  • The U.S. remained the largest R&D performer, contributing 26% of global R&D.
  • China became the second-largest, contributing 21%.
• Growth Trends:
  • Asian countries, especially China, contributed ~33% to global R&D growth between 2000 and 2015.
  • The U.S. and EU accounted for ~36% of global growth.
• R&D Intensity:
  • China has significantly increased its R&D intensity, surpassing the EU but still lagging behind South Korea and the U.S..
  • R&D intensity is calculated as the percentage of GDP spent on R&D.

U.S. R&D Performance and Funding

• Total U.S. R&D Performance: Reached ~$500 billion in 2015, with the business sector accounting for >66%.
• R&D by Sector:
  • Academia and federal government are the next largest contributors.
• R&D Types:
  • ~80% of U.S. R&D is applied and development research.
  • ~17% is basic research.
• Federal R&D Trends:
  • Federal R&D funding has been declining since 2010 for academic and nonprofit sectors.
  • The business sector saw an increase in performance but a decline in federal support after 2009.
• Federal R&D Focus:
  • Defense has historically been the largest budget priority, but its share has declined since the 2010s.
  • Health accounts for ~45% of non-defense federal R&D, primarily funded by the NIH.
  • Other agencies like DOE, DOD, and NASA focus on basic and applied research.
• S&E Fields:
  • Life sciences account for ~50% of federal basic and applied research.
  • Engineering and physical sciences account for ~30%.

Global Science and Technology Capabilities

• S&E Publications:
  • The U.S. and China are the top two countries in S&E article publications.
  • China has seen a rapid rise in S&E publications, reflecting its growing scientific capabilities.
• Biomedical and Engineering Articles:
  • These fields account for ~57% of global S&E publications.
  • The U.S. and EU produce more biomedical articles than China.
  • China produces the most engineering articles, surpassing the U.S. and EU.
• Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries:
  • These industries account for ~31% of global economic output.
  • The U.S. leads in commercial KI services (financial, business, communications), while China has grown rapidly and is now the third-largest provider.
  • In medium-high-technology manufacturing, China has overtaken the U.S. and EU to become the largest producer.
  • In high-technology manufacturing, the U.S. remains the largest producer, but China is rapidly catching up.

Invention, Knowledge Transfer, and Innovation

• Invention:
  • In 2016, the U.S. granted ~300,000 patents, with U.S. and international inventors contributing.
  • U.S. inventors received ~50% of all U.S. patents, while Japan and EU accounted for the rest.
  • South Korea has seen a significant rise in U.S. patent grants.
  • China and India have shown growth in U.S. patents, though from small bases.
• Knowledge Transfer:
  • Academic institutions dominate citations from patents to S&E articles, accounting for ~60% of all citations.
  • Industry publications contribute the most to patenting in computer sciences, physics, and engineering.
• Innovation:
  • ~17% of U.S. companies reported introducing new or improved products or processes between 2013 and 2015.
  • Manufacturing firms had higher innovation rates than nonmanufacturing firms (33% vs. 15%).
  • The leading innovators in manufacturing are computer and electronic products (57%) and electrical equipment and components (48%).
  • Nonmanufacturing companies led in innovation in computer system and design services, scientific R&D services, electronic shopping and auctions, and information services.

U.S. and Global STEM Education

• K-12 STEM Performance:
  • U.S. students' math scores have modestly improved over the past two decades.
  • However, 15-year-olds in the U.S. tend to score below the international average in math and at or slightly above in science.
• S&E Associate Degrees:
  • The U.S. awarded ~1 million associate degrees in 2015, with ~25% in S&E fields and technologies.
  • S&E technology degrees have grown by 72% since 2000, concentrated in health and engineering.
• Women in S&E Education:
  • Women earned ~60% of all associate degrees, but only ~44% in S&E fields, largely due to a decline in computer science enrollment.
• S&E Bachelor's Degrees:
  • U.S. bachelor's degrees in S&E have consistently made up ~33% of total degrees.
  • Globally, India and China accounted for ~47% of all S&E bachelor's degrees in 2014.
  • In China, S&E degrees accounted for ~48% of all bachelor's degrees, compared to ~39% in the U.S.
• International Doctorates:
  • The number of S&E doctorates has increased significantly in China, while the U.S., South Korea, and EU countries saw more moderate growth.
  • In 2014, the U.S. had the largest number of S&E doctorates, with ~37% earned by temporary visa holders.
• Internationally Mobile Students:
  • The U.S. remains the top destination for international students, though its share fell from 25% in 2000 to 19% in 2014.
  • Other popular destinations include the U.K., Australia, France, Russia, and Germany.

Public Attitudes and Understanding

• Public confidence in science and technology institutions is a key theme.
• Education plays a significant role in shaping public understanding and attitudes.
• Concerns about health and environmental issues are prominent among the public.

Conclusion

The report highlights the global shift in R&D leadership, with the U.S. and China as the top performers, and underscores the importance of STEM education in maintaining and advancing scientific and technological capabilities. It also emphasizes the role of federal funding in shaping the U.S. R&D landscape and the interconnected nature of invention, knowledge transfer, and innovation. The U.S. continues to lead in high-technology industries, but China's rapid growth is challenging its dominance. The decline in federal support for R&D in the U.S. and the increasing international competition in STEM education and innovation are key concerns for policymakers and planners.