2018美国科学与工程指标（英文版）_28页

2018 DIGEST Summary

Core Content

The 2018 Science & Engineering Indicators digest, published by the National Science Board (NSB), provides a comprehensive overview of the state of science and engineering (S&E) in the United States and globally. It highlights trends in research and development (R&D) spending, performance, and innovation, as well as the role of education in fostering a skilled S&E workforce.

Main Themes and Key Points

Global R&D: A Measure of Innovation Commitment

• R&D Expenditures: Global R&D spending reached nearly $2 trillion in 2015, doubling from $984 billion in 2005 and $722 billion in 2000.
• Regional Concentration: R&D spending is concentrated in East/Southeast and South Asia, North America, and Europe.
• Top R&D Spending Countries: The U.S., China, Japan, Germany, South Korea, France, India, and the U.K. accounted for nearly 75% of global R&D in 2015.
• U.S. Leadership: The U.S. remains the largest R&D performer, accounting for 26% of global R&D in 2015.
• China's Rise: China is now the second-largest R&D performer, contributing 21% of global R&D.
• Growth Trends: Asian countries, particularly China, contributed nearly one-third of global R&D growth between 2000 and 2015. The U.S. and EU together accounted for 36% of the growth.
• R&D Intensity: China's R&D intensity has increased sharply, surpassing the EU, but remains below that of South Korea and the U.S..

U.S. R&D Performance and Funding

• Total U.S. R&D Performance: In 2015, U.S. R&D performance totaled nearly $500 billion.
• Sector Distribution: The business sector accounted for over two-thirds of the total, followed by academia and the federal government.
• R&D Focus: 80% of U.S. R&D is development and applied research, while 17% is basic research.
• Institutional Roles: Academia performs 49% of basic research, while business dominates development (88%) and applied research (58%).
• Federal Trends: Federal R&D funding has generally declined since peaking in 2010–2011, with the Department of Defense focusing on development and the NIH leading in health-related R&D.
• S&E Fields: Life sciences account for nearly 50% of the federal basic and applied research portfolio, while engineering and physical sciences account for 30%.

Global Science and Technology Capabilities

• S&E Publications: The U.S. and China are the top two countries in S&E article publications.
• Biomedical and Engineering Articles: These fields account for 57% of global S&E publications.
• Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries: These industries contribute 31% of global economic output, spanning both manufacturing and services sectors.
• U.S. Economic Output: 38% of U.S. GDP comes from knowledge- and technology-intensive industries, the highest among major economies.
• Global Production Trends: The U.S. and EU are roughly tied as the second-largest producers in medium-high-technology manufacturing, while China has become the largest producer. The motor vehicle and parts industry drove significant growth in both the U.S. and China.
• High-Technology Manufacturing: The U.S. is the largest global producer, with China as the second.

Invention, Knowledge Transfer, and Innovation

• U.S. Patents: In 2016, over 300,000 U.S. patents were granted to both U.S. and international inventors.
• Academic Patents: Only about 6,600 U.S. patents were granted to academic institutions in 2016, with pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, medical technology, organic chemistry, and measurement being the top areas.
• Knowledge Transfer: Citations from patents to S&E articles are a key indicator of knowledge transfer, with over 60% of citations coming from academic institutions.
• Innovation Rates: 17% of U.S. companies reported introducing new or significantly improved products or processes between 2013 and 2015.
• Manufacturing Innovation: 33% of manufacturing firms reported innovation, compared to 15% of nonmanufacturing firms.
• Leading Sectors: Computer and electronic products (57%) and electrical equipment and components (48%) were the leading innovators in manufacturing.

U.S. and Global STEM Education

• K-12 Education: U.S. students showed modest improvement in math scores over two decades, but 15-year-olds scored below the international average in math and at or slightly above in science.
• Associate's Degrees: The U.S. awarded over 1 million associate's degrees in 2015, with 9% in S&E fields and 14% in S&E technologies.
• Gender Trends: Women earned 60% of associate's degrees in all fields, but only 44% in S&E fields, largely due to a decline in computer science participation.
• Baccalaureate Degrees: The U.S. continues to lead in producing bachelor’s degrees, with tuition and revenue playing a role in shaping access and quality.

Key Information

• The report is a policy-neutral source of data, offering factual insights without making policy recommendations.
• R&D intensity is a critical measure of a nation's commitment to innovation.
• China has emerged as a major player in global R&D, particularly in engineering.
• The U.S. leads in knowledge-intensive services and high-technology manufacturing, but declining federal support and increasing competition from other countries are noted.
• STEM education is vital for sustaining the S&E workforce, with K-12 and higher education playing essential roles.

Conclusion

The 2018 digest underscores the U.S. leadership in S&E, while highlighting the rapid rise of China and other Asian countries in R&D and innovation. It emphasizes the importance of education in maintaining a competitive S&E workforce and the need for continued investment in R&D to support economic and social development. The report also notes the shift in federal funding priorities and the increasing role of international collaboration in scientific and technological advancement.