世界银行-圣多美和普林西比-揭开移民动态_关键问题和政策建议（英）-2025.1_82页_1mb

报告摘要

São Tomé and Príncipe (STP) has a significant wave of emigration, with at least 18% of its population residing abroad.
The primary destination is Portugal, attracting migrants through shared language, culture, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLC) mobility agreement.
The emigration rate increased notably after 2022, with departures jumping by 106% in 2023 compared to pre-pandemic levels.

STP is a lower-middle-income small island nation with high poverty rates (45%) and limited job opportunities.
Economic growth has stagnated, and reliance on imports and ODA makes the economy vulnerable to external shocks.
Youth unemployment is high (21% for ages 15-24), pushing many young people to seek better prospects abroad.

Portugal hosts over half of STP's diaspora (about 51.7%), trailed by Angola and Gabon.
Migration brings limited economic benefits due to low and irregular remittances, expensive transfer costs above the Sub-Saharan African average, and inadequate financial infrastructure.
Formal remittance corridors charge up to 9.82%, while informal channels are more commonly used and lack regulation.

Migration disrupts family structures, with children often left in the care of extended family, leading to emotional and educational challenges.
Children in vulnerable households face increased care responsibilities, potential school dropout, and emotional stress when caregivers migrate.
Strong family reunification desires exist among youth, incentivizing some to consider migration themselves.

Improve employability: Enhance skills training, entrepreneurship support, and partnerships with employers—both locally and overseas—to ensure productive jobs and higher remittances.
Establish labor mobility agreements: Form bilateral partnerships with key destination countries like Portugal to align migrant skills with labor market needs.
Strengthen migration management: Support migrant workers through better systems, generate comprehensive data for policy-making, and engage the diaspora effectively.
Reduce remittance obstacles: Develop a conducive environment for digital financial services to lower costs, improve accessibility, and boost remittance volumes.
Support families left behind: Expand social assistance programs, protect children and youth, and mitigate the negative social and economic effects of migration.

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