2024-01-27-IRENA-可再生能源助力碳中和碳捕集_108页_2mb

报告摘要

Summary

This technical paper explores the role of carbon capture, transportation, utilization, and storage (CCS, CCU, CDR) technologies alongside renewable energy in achieving global net-zero emissions by 2050. CCS refers to capturing CO₂ from point sources and storing it long-term, CCU involves utilizing captured CO₂ for industrial applications, and CDR includes technologies like BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) and DACCS (Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage) that remove CO₂ from the atmosphere.

The paper highlights that CCS, CCU, and CDR are essential tools for decarbonization, complementing renewable energy deployment. Current global deployment is limited, capturing only 0.04 GtCO₂/year, with a projected gap to reach 6.1 GtCO₂/year by 2040 and over 8.5 GtCO₂/year by 2050. Key challenges include high costs, limited infrastructure, regulatory barriers, policy uncertainty, and slow scaling up. CCS costs vary from $22 to $225/tCO₂, while BECCS costs are estimated at $69–105/tCO₂.

Future pathways, such as IRENA’s 1.5°C Scenario, emphasize that CO₂ capture must be scaled rapidly to address persistent emissions in sectors like cement, steel, and chemicals. The paper identifies DACCS as a potential contributor but stresses the need for RD&D to address its high energy requirements. Critical actions include increasing demonstration projects, enhancing RD&D funding, establishing carbon hubs and clusters for infrastructure-sharing, addressing liability, and creating financial incentives like carbon taxes or tax credits.

Despite their role in deep decarbonization, debates persist on the optimal deployment of CCS and CCU, particularly regarding their ability to deliver long-term negative emissions and avoid re-emission of CO₂ in cycles like carbon utilization. International cooperation is crucial to accelerate deployment and ensure equitable access to technologies.

Key Findings

Necessity of CCS/CCU/CDR: These technologies are vital for reducing emissions where alternatives are limited, but progress has been slow.
Gaps: Current scale and costs are insufficient; investments and policy support are lacking.
Actions Needed: Rapid deployment of demonstration projects, RD&D funding, cluster models, and holistic life-cycle assessments.

Challenges