2019年世界粮食安全与营养状况（英文版）_239页_27mb

Summary of The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019

Core Content

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019 is a joint publication by FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO. It highlights the challenges of food security and nutrition in the context of economic slowdowns and downturns. The report emphasizes the need for integrated, multisectoral approaches to address hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition, especially in the face of global economic instability and inequality.

Main Points

Global Food Security and Nutrition Trends (Part 1)

• Hunger and Food Insecurity: The number of undernourished people has increased since 2015, returning to levels seen in 2010-2011. Hunger is rising in most subregions of Africa, Latin America, and Western Asia, while Southern Asia has seen some progress.
• Malnutrition: The progress on reducing malnutrition is too slow to meet the 2025 and 2030 global targets. Stunting, wasting, and low birthweight remain significant issues, especially among children under five.
• Overweight and Obesity: These are on the rise globally, with particularly steep increases among school-age children and adults. Obesity contributes to 4 million deaths annually and increases health risks across all age groups.
• Gender and Inequality: Women are more likely to experience food insecurity than men in all regions, highlighting the gender dimensions of food and nutrition challenges. Income inequality is a major factor affecting food security and nutrition outcomes.

Economic Slowdowns and Downturns (Part 2)

• Impact of Economic Shocks: Economic slowdowns and downturns are significant secondary and tertiary drivers of food crises. They exacerbate food insecurity, especially in countries with high commodity dependence.
• Commodity Dependence: Countries that are heavily dependent on the export or import of primary commodities are more vulnerable to economic shocks. This dependence has negative effects on food security and nutrition.
• Policy Responses: Sustained and multisectoral policies are essential to address food insecurity and malnutrition during economic downturns. Social protection, inclusive growth, and structural transformation are highlighted as critical strategies.
• Global Inequality: High and persistent income inequality in low- and middle-income countries is a major barrier to food security and nutrition. The report underscores the need for policies that reduce inequality and support vulnerable groups.

Key Information

• Global Hunger: As of 2019, more than 820 million people are undernourished, with over 2 billion experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity.
• SDGs and Nutrition Targets: Current trends suggest that the 2030 SDG Target to halve the number of stunted children and the 2025 World Health Assembly target to reduce low birthweight prevalence by 30% are unlikely to be met.
• Regional Trends:
  • Africa: Hunger is rising in most subregions, with the highest prevalence of undernourishment in Southern Asia.
  • Latin America and the Caribbean: Food insecurity is increasing, particularly due to economic instability.
  • Western Asia: Undernourishment is rising, and many countries are affected by economic shocks.
• Coping Strategies and Policies: The report discusses the negative effects of coping strategies during economic slowdowns and the importance of multisectoral policies, such as social protection and homegrown school feeding, in mitigating these impacts.
• Income Inequality: It is rising in nearly half of the world's countries, including some low-income and middle-income nations. Inequality in agricultural land distribution is a major concern in sub-Saharan Africa.

Conclusion

The report underscores the critical role of economic stability in ensuring food security and nutrition. It calls for a more inclusive and equitable approach to development, emphasizing the need for stronger social protection, targeted policies, and multisectoral collaboration to address the root causes of hunger and malnutrition. The ultimate goal is to achieve the Zero Hunger target by 2030 and to ensure that no one is left behind in the global effort to improve food and nutrition security.

Key Figures and Tables

• Figure 1: Global undernourishment levels have stabilized but the number of undernourished people continues to rise.
• Figure 2: Undernourishment is rising rapidly in Western Africa.
• Figure 3: Conflict-affected countries in sub-Saharan Africa face sharp increases in undernourishment.
• Figure 4: Drought is a major contributor to rising undernourishment in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Figure 5: Undernourishment is increasing in Western Asia.
• Figure 6: Undernourishment is rising in Western Asian countries affected by recent uprisings.
• Figure 7: Increasing undernourishment in South American countries affects the regional average.
• Figure 8: Venezuela shows a significant increase in undernourishment.
• Figure 9: The global prevalence of undernourishment and child stunting is correlated with extreme poverty.
• Figure 10: Inequality in agricultural land distribution is high in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Figure 11: Economic slowdowns are associated with higher increases in hunger in low-income countries.
• Figure 12: Commodity prices fell year on year from 2011 to 2016, but high commodity dependence persists.
• Figure 13: Economic slowdowns and downturns have negative impacts on food security in commodity-dependent economies.
• Figure 14: Economic shocks have prolonged and worsened acute food insecurity in crisis contexts.

Box Highlights

• Box 9: Explains what economic slowdowns and downturns are and their implications for food security.
• Box 10: Discusses why world hunger did not rise during the 2008-2009 global food and financial crises.
• Box 11: Defines commodity dependence and how it is measured.
• Box 12: Provides insights into the economic impact on food security in Colombia.
• Box 13: Explains the patterns of growth and inequality in China and India.
• Box 14: Highlights the role of economic growth in reducing inequality in Brazil.
• Box 15: Emphasizes the importance of increasing opportunities for indigenous populations.
• Box 16: Discusses the gender dimensions of inequality in agriculture and rural areas.
• Box 17: Stresses the importance of social protection for food security and nutrition.
• Box 18: Highlights the role of homegrown school feeding in preventing harmful coping strategies.
• Box 19: Discusses the role of small-scale farming in diversification and market integration in Sao Tome and Principe and Senegal.
• Box 20: Explores the link between trade policy, food systems, and food security.

Key Recommendations

• Multisectoral Collaboration: Strengthen collaboration across agriculture, health, education, and economic sectors to address food security and nutrition challenges.
• Social Protection: Implement and expand social protection mechanisms, especially during economic downturns.
• Inclusive Growth: Focus on inclusive and pro-poor structural transformation to reduce economic vulnerabilities.
• Data and Monitoring: Use reliable data and indicators to monitor progress and guide policy decisions.
• Global Cooperation: Promote multilateral cooperation and support for countries to align with their development priorities and achieve sustainable progress in food security and nutrition.