2011年-世界发展银行全球_Regional_Highlights_World_Development_Indicators_2011_14页_3mb

2011 World Development Indicators Summary

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Primary Education Completion: The primary completion rate rose from 51% in 1991 to 64% in 2008, though the region still falls short of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of universal primary education.
• Progress in Some Countries: Seven countries—Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, and Niger—saw more than double the primary completion rate between 1991 and 2009.
• Inequality in Education: Large disparities remain between rich and poor within countries, with completion rates for the poorest quintile as low as 35%.
• Gender Gap: A 9 percentage point gap in primary completion rates between boys and girls persists.
• Energy Use: Biomass and coal are the primary cooking fuels for over 75% of the population, with 28% of households having electrical service. Energy use accounts for 58% of total energy use in the region.
• Agricultural Output: Agricultural output grew by 3.0% annually between 1990 and 2009, but its share in GDP fell from 19% to 13%. Cereal production area increased by 43% to 96 million hectares, but yields only rose by 26%.
• Economic Recovery: GDP growth in 2010 was 4.7%, driven by the external sector with increased exports and foreign direct investment (FDI).
• Business Environment Reforms: Rwanda, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Mali ranked among the top 10 business environment reformers in the past five years.
• Tourism Resilience: International tourism receipts declined by only 2% in 2009, compared to an 8% decline in most other developing regions.
• Vulnerable Employment: Over half of employed women are vulnerable workers, with Morocco having the highest proportion of vulnerable employment for both men and women.
• Energy and Health Challenges: Volatile energy and food prices pose challenges, and biomass energy use is linked to health risks due to indoor air pollution.

Middle East and North Africa

• Women's Health and Education: Female life expectancy increased by 13 years between 1980 and 2009. Secondary and tertiary enrollment rates for women rose significantly, but employment rates remain low at about 20%.
• Energy Use and Emissions: Energy use per capita increased by 63% between 1990 and 2008, and CO2 emissions rose by 48% per capita. Despite this, the region is the most efficient energy user globally.
• ICT Growth: Mobile phone subscriptions increased from 22 per 100 people in 2005 to 67 in 2009, but the region still lags behind Europe and Latin America.
• Tariff Reductions: Average tariffs fell from 25% in 2000 to 10.6% in 2009, with most countries reducing tariffs on both manufactured and primary goods.
• Tourism Resilience: The region showed resilience in tourism, with only a 2% decline in 2009, and some countries like Lebanon saw an increase.
• Business Tax Burden: The average firm spends about 400 hours per year on tax preparation, filing, and payment. Costa Rica and Honduras have the lowest tax burdens in the region.

South Asia

• Economic Growth: Labor productivity almost doubled between 1991 and 2008, contributing to poverty reduction. However, the region still faces challenges in health and education.
• ICT Exports: India leads in ICT services exports, accounting for 53% of the region's total service exports in 2009.
• Sanitation Access: Improved sanitation access increased from 22% to 36% between 1990 and 2008, with the most progress in rural areas.
• Health and Education Deficits: Adult literacy is at 62%, and under-five mortality decreased from 125 to 71 per 1,000. Maternal mortality remains high, with only Maldives and Sri Lanka close to European levels.
• Energy Use: Per capita energy use is the lowest among developing regions, with a 42% increase from 1990 to 2008. Fossil fuels dominate energy use.
• Women in Business: Female participation in business ownership and management is low, with only 9.1% in India and 2.8% in Afghanistan.
• Remittances Decline: Remittances to the region fell by 12% in 2009 due to the U.S. recession, with Mexico and Brazil experiencing significant drops.

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Poverty Reduction: Poverty reduction rates exceeded 2% annually in 9 countries. However, inequality remains high, with Gini coefficients over 40 in most countries.
• Energy Efficiency: The region is the most efficient energy user globally, with 7.7 of GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent energy used.
• Tax Burden: The average firm spends about 400 hours per year on tax processes, with some countries like Brazil and Venezuela having significantly higher burdens.
• FDI and Portfolio Inflows: FDI inflows declined by 42% in 2009, but portfolio equity inflows rebounded, with Brazil accounting for 90% of the regional total.
• Tourism Spending: Tourism spending by residents increased by 8% in 2009, with China and the Philippines being major contributors.
• Urbanization: 79% of the population lives in urban areas, leading to better access to sanitation (86% urban vs. 54% rural), but also increasing pollution and traffic congestion.

East Asia and the Pacific

• Social Development: High primary education completion rates (99% in 2008), low under-five mortality (26 per 1,000), and high access to improved water and sanitation.
• Economic Recovery: The region's GDP, industrial production, and exports exceeded pre-crisis levels in 2010. China became the second-largest economy in the world.
• Trade Expansion: The region's share of global trade is almost three times greater than two decades ago, with China's share increasing by fivefold.
• Business Tax Rates: The average total business tax rate in 2010 was 36%, the lowest among developing regions. Countries like Vanuatu and Samoa have significantly lower rates.
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Fossil fuel use increased, leading to a 149% rise in carbon dioxide emissions. However, alternative energy use almost doubled, indicating a shift towards cleaner sources.