2016葡萄牙回顾_IEA国家能源政策（英文版）_160页_2mb

Summary of the Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Portugal 2016 Review

Core Content

The 2016 review of Portugal's energy policies highlights the country's progress and challenges in the energy sector since the previous in-depth review in 2008. Despite a difficult economic climate, Portugal has continued to reform its energy policy, with notable achievements in renewable energy deployment, market liberalisation, and energy efficiency. However, it also faces significant challenges, particularly in managing the electricity tariff deficit and ensuring long-term energy security and sustainability.

Main Objectives of the IEA

The International Energy Agency (IEA) aims to:

• Promote energy security through collective responses to oil supply disruptions.
• Provide authoritative research and analysis on reliable, affordable, and clean energy.
• Improve transparency of international energy markets.
• Support global collaboration on energy technologies.
• Engage with non-member countries and stakeholders to find solutions to global energy challenges.

Key Policies and Measures in Portugal

General Energy Policy

• Country Overview: Portugal is located on the Iberian Peninsula, with a diverse geography including mainland and two autonomous regions (Azores and Madeira).
• Economy: Portugal has undergone significant structural reforms to address economic challenges, including exiting the EU/IMF financial assistance program in 2014.
• Supply and Demand: In 2014, Portugal's total primary energy supply (TPES) was 21.1 Mtoe, with energy production coming mainly from renewables (biofuels and waste: 52.2%, hydro: 23.9%, wind: 18.5%). It has no fossil fuel production, and energy demand is expected to increase in the coming years.
• Institutions: The Directorate-General for Energy and Geology (DGEG) coordinates energy policy, while the energy regulator ERSE oversees the market and infrastructure.
• Tariff Deficit: The electricity tariff deficit has been a major challenge, with accumulated debt reaching EUR 4.69 billion by 2014. This is due to subsidies for renewables and low retail tariffs.
• Interconnections: Portugal is working to improve cross-border interconnections with Spain and France to enhance energy security and market integration.
• Energy Security: Portugal has focused on increasing renewable energy share, reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels, and improving infrastructure for both electricity and natural gas.

Climate Change

• Targets: Portugal has set an ambitious 20% greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target compared to the EU's 1% increase.
• Renewable Energy Strategy: The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) and National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) have been integrated into a new energy strategy, aiming for a 25% reduction in primary energy consumption and a 30% reduction in energy consumption in the state-owned sector by 2020.
• Renewables Contribution: Renewables are expected to contribute 59.6% to electricity demand, 35.9% to heating and cooling, and 11.3% to transport by 2020.
• Climate Adaptation: Portugal has introduced a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (ENAAC) to address climate vulnerabilities in the energy system.

Energy Efficiency

• Efficiency Measures: The NEEAP has raised energy efficiency to a policy priority, with the goal of reducing primary energy consumption.
• Implementation: DGEG and other state agencies implement efficiency measures, while the government is advised to improve monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to ensure cost-effective outcomes.
• Challenges: The increasing cost of renewable energy subsidies has contributed to the tariff deficit and raised concerns about the economic sustainability of the energy strategy.

Electricity and Natural Gas Markets

• Electricity Market: The Iberian Electricity Market (MIBEL) has seen progress, with interconnection capacity reaching 3 GW by 2014. However, interconnection with France remains limited, at 1.5% of total capacity.
• Natural Gas Market: Portugal has improved its natural gas infrastructure, including the Sines LNG terminal and underground storage. The third interconnection with Spain and the MIDCAT project with France have been identified as projects of common interest (PCI).
• Market Liberalisation: Market liberalisation has continued, with competition emerging in the retail sector and the extension of regulated tariffs until 2017.
• Tariff Deficit Management: The government has introduced a series of measures to address the deficit, including revising feed-in tariffs, phasing out regulated tariffs, and improving the efficiency of energy support mechanisms.

Key Recommendations

• Continue to implement flexible energy policies to address uncertainty in demand growth and EU-level policy development.
• Ensure regular independent reviews and the development of a monitoring tool to assess the implementation of energy policy.
• Maintain efforts to reduce the tariff deficit and identify further cost-saving measures in the energy sector.
• Carefully consider the extension of regulated tariffs to 2017 and ensure that support is effectively targeted.
• Work closely with Spain and the European Commission to develop key transmission infrastructure, including interconnections with France, to support market integration and renewable energy integration.

Conclusion

Portugal has made significant strides in promoting renewable energy and improving energy efficiency, but the country still faces challenges related to the electricity tariff deficit and the need for stronger cross-border interconnections. The government is advised to continue its reform agenda and ensure that its energy policies remain cost-effective and aligned with both national and European objectives.