2016葡萄牙回顾：IEA国家能源政策_162页-2mb

Summary of the Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Portugal 2016 Review

Core Content

Portugal has continued to develop and reform its energy policy since the previous in-depth review in 2008, despite the challenging economic climate. The country has made significant progress in promoting renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency, and liberalising electricity and natural gas markets. These efforts have led to increased economic activity in the energy sector, improved market structures, and a stronger focus on sustainability.

Main Views and Key Information

General Energy Policy

• Energy Production (2014): 5.6 Mtoe, with biofuels and waste (52.2%), hydro (23.9%), wind (18.5%), geothermal (3.1%), and solar (2.3%) as the main sources.
• Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES): 21.1 Mtoe in 2014, down from a peak of 26.5 Mtoe in 2005.
• TPES per capita: 2.0 toe (well below the IEA average of 4.4 toe).
• TPES per GDP: 0.09 toe/USD 1 000 PPP (also below the IEA average of 0.13 toe/USD 1 000 PPP).
• Electricity Generation (2014): 52 TWh, with hydro (30%), wind (23.3%), coal (23%), natural gas (12.5%), biofuels and waste (6.4%), oil (3.2%), and solar (1.2%) as the main sources.
• Electricity and Heat Generation per capita: 5.6 MWh (below the IEA average of 9.9 MWh).

Energy Security and Market Liberalisation

• Portugal has focused on improving energy security through increased interconnections with the European electricity and natural gas networks.
• The electricity market has become more liberalised, with the Iberian Electricity Market (MIBEL) offering a mature range of services, including forward prices and financial transmission rights.
• The natural gas market has also seen progress, with REN Gasodutos fully unbundled and privatised, and the third interconnection with Spain identified as a project of common interest (PCI).

Energy Efficiency

• The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) was integrated with the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) to align with EU and national energy objectives.
• The revised NEEAP aims for a 25% reduction in primary energy consumption and a 30% reduction in energy consumption in the state-owned sector by 2020.
• Energy efficiency has become a policy priority, supported by the Directorate-General for Energy and Geology (DGEG).

Renewable Energy

• Renewable energy sources (RES) accounted for 25.7% of total gross final energy consumption in 2013.
• In the electricity sector, RES made up 63% of installed generating capacity in 2014, contributing 61.3% to final electricity supply.
• The renewable energy target remains at 31% of total gross final energy consumption.
• The growth of RES has reduced dependence on imported fossil fuels and decreased carbon emissions in the electricity sector.
• However, the costs of supporting RES have contributed to the electricity tariff deficit, which reached EUR 4.69 billion (3.1% of GDP) by the end of 2014.

Climate Change

• Portugal has adopted an ambitious 20% greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target compared to the EU's 1% increase.
• The National Low Carbon Roadmap (RNBC) outlines long-term strategies for cost-effective GHG reductions.
• The country has introduced a carbon tax in the non-traded sector as part of a broader green fiscal reform.
• A National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (ENAAC) has been developed to improve awareness and resilience against climate impacts.

Tariff Deficit

• The electricity tariff deficit is a major issue, driven by subsidies to renewables and low retail tariffs.
• The deficit is expected to be eliminated by 2020 through reforms, including reducing feed-in tariffs and extending the period for renewable generators to receive subsidies.
• The extension of regulated tariffs to 2017 has added to the challenge of reducing the deficit.

International Interconnections

• Portugal's electricity system is relatively isolated, with only 1.5% of total capacity connected to France.
• The country is working to improve interconnections with Spain and France to support market integration and renewable energy integration.
• The European Commission has identified key projects, such as the third interconnection with Spain and the MIDCAT project, as projects of common interest (PCI).
• The Madrid Declaration, signed in 2015, represents progress in fostering regional energy cooperation.

Recommendations

• Continue to implement flexible energy policies to address demand uncertainty and broader EU policy developments.
• Ensure the swift implementation of all measures to reduce the tariff deficit and identify further cost-saving opportunities.
• Strengthen international interconnections, especially with France, to enhance energy security and market integration.
• Maintain a strong focus on energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment while managing the financial implications of these policies.

Conclusion

Portugal has demonstrated a strong commitment to sustainable and efficient energy policies, with notable achievements in renewable energy deployment and market liberalisation. However, the country faces challenges in reducing the electricity tariff deficit and ensuring long-term energy security through improved international interconnections. Continued government engagement and policy reform are essential to achieving these goals.