2012年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Rwanda_Country_Profile_2011_15页_872kb

Rwanda Country Profile 2011 Summary

Core Content

The Rwanda Country Profile 2011 provides an overview of the business environment in Rwanda, based on data collected from the Enterprise Surveys conducted by the World Bank. The surveys focus on the non-agricultural formal private economy and are used to evaluate various factors influencing firm performance, including infrastructure, trade, regulations, corruption, crime, and financial systems. The data is benchmarked against Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Low Income countries.

Main Topics Covered

1. Business Environment Obstacles

• The surveys highlight the main constraints that firms face in Rwanda, such as corruption, regulatory inefficiencies, and infrastructure shortcomings.
• Firms in Rwanda report a range of challenges, including delays in obtaining business licenses, permits, and public services.
• Corruption is a significant issue, with many firms expecting to make informal payments for various services, especially for construction permits and government contracts.

2. Average Firm

• The average firm in Rwanda has an age of 9.5 years.
• Female participation in top management and ownership is notable, with 19.1% of firms having a female top manager and 42.4% having female participation in ownership.
• The majority of firms are privately owned (84.3%), with a smaller percentage being foreign-owned (15.1%) or government-owned (0.3%).

3. Infrastructure

• Infrastructure is a critical factor for firm productivity and competitiveness.
• Electricity supply is a major concern, with 4.0 power outages per month and 1.1% of sales lost due to outages.
• Water shortages are also common, with 0.9 shortages per month and 2.7 hours of average shortage duration.
• Delays in obtaining infrastructure services such as electricity, water, and telephone connections are 38.9, 13.3, and 51.6 days, respectively, which are relatively high compared to regional benchmarks.

4. Trade

• Trade activity is relatively low, with only 6.5% of firms exporting.
• Foreign material inputs are used by 65.8% of firms, indicating a reliance on international supply chains.
• Customs delays are a key issue, with 10.6 days for clearing direct exports and 15.2 days for clearing imports, both higher than the regional average.

5. Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• Regulatory burden is significant, with 5.3% of senior management time spent on government regulations.
• Tax inspections average 1.8 visits per firm.
• Legal forms of firms are predominantly sole proprietorships (42.6%), followed by partnerships (21.3%) and limited partnerships (15.7%).
• Import licenses take 6.0 days to obtain, and construction permits take 59.1 days, which are above the regional average.

6. Corruption

• Corruption indicators show that 5.0% of firms in Rwanda reported encountering graft.
• Gifts or informal payments are expected in meetings with tax inspectors (4.4%), for government contracts (6.8%), and for construction permits (13.9%).
• These figures are lower than the regional and low-income group averages, indicating some progress in reducing corruption.

7. Crime and Informality

• Crime is a concern, with 0.6% of sales lost due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson.
• Security costs account for 2.6% of sales.
• Formal registration at startup is high, with 89.3% of firms being formally registered, suggesting a relatively low level of informality.

8. Finance

• Internal finance is the primary source of investment, used by 76.3% of firms.
• Bank finance accounts for 14.1% of investment.
• External financing for working capital is used by 30.7% of firms.
• Collateral requirements are high, with 272.6% of the loan amount needed on average.
• Bank loan usage is reported by 46.3% of firms, and 71.6% have checking or savings accounts.

9. Innovation and Workforce

• Innovation is limited, with only 11.9% of firms holding internationally recognized quality certifications.
• Email usage is high, with 77.0% of firms using it for communication with clients and suppliers.
• Website usage is reported by 34.5% of firms.
• The workforce is mixed, with 32.2% of full-time workers being women.
• Temporary workers average 10.3, while permanent workers average 32.9.

Key Information

• Region: Sub-Saharan Africa
• Income Group: Low income
• Population: 10,277,212
• GNI per capita: US$540.00
• Survey methodology: Stratified by industry, firm size, and geographic region. Data is collected through face-to-face interviews with firm managers and owners.
• Data sources: All indicators are based on firm responses, providing a comprehensive view of the business environment.
• Benchmarking: Comparisons are made with Sub-Saharan Africa and Low Income countries to assess Rwanda's position.

Conclusion

The Enterprise Surveys offer a detailed analysis of the business environment in Rwanda, highlighting both challenges and areas of improvement. While Rwanda shows progress in reducing corruption and maintaining formal registration, it still faces significant issues in infrastructure, regulatory efficiency, and finance accessibility. These findings are crucial for policymakers and researchers aiming to enhance the business climate and promote sustainable economic growth.