世界银行-公钥基础设施_实现高信任度电子签名（英）-2025_99页_4mb

Summary

Purpose: This report provides detailed guidance for governments on implementing a public key infrastructure (PKI) at a national level. It complements a companion policy note on electronic signatures by delving into the technical, operational, and governance aspects required to establish a robust PKI. The goal is to enable secure and trustworthy electronic signature frameworks to support digital transformation, enhance public trust, and ensure legal validity in the digital economy.

PKI Fundamentals:

• PKI uses public key cryptography to secure digital transactions.
• Key components include Certificates, Certificate Authorities (CAs), Registration Authorities (RAs), and Certificate Repositories.
• The chain of cryptographic trust connects these components, ensuring the integrity and validation of digital signatures.

Implementation:

• PKI requires careful planning, including defining architecture, deployment models (insourcing, outsourcing, or hybrid), and addressing scalability and operational challenges.
• Critical phases include designing the system, acquiring hardware/software, integrating with existing systems, and ongoing management.

Governance:

• Robust governance frameworks are essential for distributing roles, complying with legal and regulatory requirements, and ensuring security.
• Key documents like Certificate Policies (CP) and Certification Practice Statements (CPS) provide policies, procedures, and compliance standards.
• Oversight mechanisms oversee certificate issuance, revocation, and audits to uphold trust.

Interoperability and Federation:

• Trust can be extended across PKIs using techniques like bridge certification, cross-certification, central brokers, or implementing common standards.
• This enables cross-sectoral and cross-border digital interactions, as seen in models like the European Union’s eIDAS framework.

Sourcing Strategies:

• Governments can insource or outsource PKI components based on capacity, cost, and strategic goals. Hybrid models balance government oversight with private sector innovation.
• Effective sourcing involves risk management, regulatory compliance, and ensuring availability of services for users.

Recommendations:

• Governments should integrate PKI into broader digital transformation strategies, ensure scalability, focus on user-friendly design, and foster public-private partnerships.
• Guidelines emphasize legal recognition of electronic signatures, risk-based approaches, effective stakeholder engagement, and the use of established standards and certification frameworks.