2010年-世界发展银行全球_Case_Study_on_Sustainability_of_Rural_Sanitation_Marketing_in_Vietname_92页_5mb

Summary of the Global Scaling Up Sanitation Project Case Study in Vietnam

Core Content

The Global Scaling Up Sanitation Project is a WSP initiative aimed at combining Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) and Sanitation Marketing to increase access to safe and hygienic sanitation in rural areas. This case study focuses on the sustainability of the rural sanitation marketing approach in Vietnam, specifically in the coastal provinces of Thanh Hoa and Quang Nam, where a three-year pilot project was conducted from 2003 to 2006 with support from IDE and DANIDA.

The project trained local promoters (community health workers, women's union leaders, and village heads) and providers (shopkeepers, masons, and producers) to promote and supply sanitary toilets. Over 2,000 people were trained, and by 2008, 59% of households in the pilot area had access to a sanitary toilet, which was 2.5 times the increase achieved by conventional programs in the previous three years.

Main Findings

Access to Sanitary Toilets

• The increase in access to sanitary toilets was sustained after the pilot.
• The average access grew from 15% in 2003 to 59% in 2008.
• In three of the four study districts, the approach was scaled up, with Nui Thanh achieving 96% coverage in some communes.
• In comparative communes (not part of the pilot), the growth in sanitation access was much lower, with one even showing a negative trend due to population growth outpacing sanitation access.

Promotion and Providers

• All but one promoter continued promoting sanitation, though with lower intensity and fewer methods.
• Providers expanded their services and customer base, with septic tanks being the most popular option.
• Credit systems were widely used, with one-third of customers purchasing on credit, based on trust and relationships rather than formal agreements.
• Provider networks were sustained and new networks were formed, but quality of service was not always maintained without proper training and monitoring.

Household Perspectives

• Households with toilets were generally satisfied, though some reported clogging and poor construction.
• Poor households were the main beneficiaries, with 16% of them having built sanitary toilets by the end of the pilot.
• The main reasons for not having toilets were financial constraints and lack of information.

Institutional Support

• Local authorities varied in their support for the approach, with some continuing sanitation steering committees and annual plans, while others were doubtful or unwilling to scale up due to lack of funding and other constraints.
• Provincial authorities recognized the potential of sanitation marketing but were reluctant to shift funds from subsidies to long-term promotion and supply.
• National authorities acknowledged the need for better sanitation marketing to meet rural sanitation targets and recommended capacity development, monitoring, and integration with CLTS.

Key Challenges

• Lack of ongoing funding for promotional materials and training.
• Institutionalization of capacity building for promoters and providers is missing.
• No formal recognition of sanitation marketing at the national level.
• Poor monitoring of sanitation access, especially for poor households.
• High inflation (estimated at 8% in 2009) made existing loan and savings strategies insufficient.
• Quality of construction and hygiene declined in some areas due to lack of training and community monitoring.

Recommendations

• Develop a more comprehensive financing strategy for the poor, considering inflation and local economic conditions.
• Institutionalize capacity building for promoters and providers.
• Create a simple, effective sanitation monitoring system that includes poverty-specific data, community participation, and data integration.
• Promote peer learning, training manuals, and ongoing consumer education to maintain service quality.
• Encourage scaling up by ensuring district-level support and funding availability.
• Integrate sanitation marketing with CLTS to enhance hygiene awareness and community-led change.
• Support gender equity in the capacity development of providers, as women played a central role in promoting sanitation.

Lessons Learned

• Sanitation marketing has proven effective in increasing access and awareness.
• Women are key in promoting sanitation, but joint decision-making with men and children is common.
• Private sector involvement is crucial, but requires supportive policies and training to ensure long-term sustainability.
• Spill-over and parallel development indicate the approach is replicable, but sustained success depends on institutional support and community engagement.

Conclusion

The sanitation marketing approach in Vietnam has shown positive sustainability and scaling potential, particularly in Thanh Hoa and Quang Nam. However, to ensure long-term success, institutional support, capacity building, financing strategies, and effective monitoring are essential. The approach aligns with Vietnam’s rural poverty reduction policies and could be replicated in other countries, especially in the TSSM focus countries (India, Indonesia, Tanzania) and SAWAP regions (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Southern China), with adjustments for local socio-cultural and economic contexts.