2012年-世界发展银行全球_Agribusiness_Indicators___Tanzania_73页_2mb

Summary of Agriculture and Environmental Services Agribusiness Indicators Report: Tanzania (November 2012)

Core Content

This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the agribusiness indicators in Tanzania, focusing on six key areas: access to and availability of improved seed, fertilizer use, access to farm machinery and tractor hire services, access to agricultural and agro-enterprise finance, cost and efficiency of transport, and the policy environment for agribusiness development. The data and findings were collected through interviews with key stakeholders, secondary data sources, and literature reviews.

Main Findings

1. Access and Use of Improved Seed

• Legal Framework: Tanzania enacted a new Seeds Act (2003), which liberalized the seed sector and encouraged private sector participation.
• Supply: Private sector dominates the supply of improved seed, with 80% of commercial seed supplied by the private sector during the 2010/11 season.
• Usage: Only 27% of maize cropped area and 1% of rice cropped area use improved seed. Most farmers rely on seed from previous harvests.
• Constraints:
  • Delays in the release of new seed varieties (up to 3 years for certification).
  • Limited access to foundation seeds for local companies.
  • High seed-to-grain price ratio (10:1 for hybrids, 7:1 for OPVs).
  • Poor awareness among farmers about the benefits of improved seeds.
  • 16.8% of rural households used improved seeds in 2010/11.

2. Fertilizer Use

• Supply and Import: Fertilizer supply is dominated by the private sector. Fertilizer imports increased from 169,027 MT in 2007 to 318,060 MT in 2011, a CAGR of 13.5%.
• Usage: 19.3 kg/ha is the average fertilizer application rate in Tanzania, which is well below the target of 50 kg/ha.
• Subsidy and Costs:
  • 50% average fertilizer subsidy in 2011.
  • Retail price is 141% of CIF price, due to in-country costs.
  • Nutrient/Output Price Ratio (Pn/Po) for urea and maize is 6.7, making fertilizer less attractive for farmers.
• Constraints:
  • Limited practical knowledge about fertilizer use.
  • Poor extension services that provide outdated and blanket recommendations.
  • 16.5% of rural households used chemical fertilizer in 2010/11.
  • Agro-dealers are mainly located in district headquarters, making access difficult for remote farmers.

3. Access to Farm Machinery and Tractor Hire Services

• Tractor Availability: As of 2010, 8,466 tractors were in use in Tanzania, which is 7 per 100 sq km of arable land—far below Kenya and South Africa.
• Usage: Only 5% of farm households use tractors.
• Private Sector Role:
  • Private companies have set up distributorships for various tractor brands.
  • There are 10–12 major tractor importers in Tanzania.
• Constraints:
  • High cost and limited availability of spare parts.
  • Poor maintenance and limited support services in rural areas.
  • Tractors are not affordable for small and medium-scale farmers without low-interest loans.
  • Imported tractors have increased significantly, especially since 2009.

4. Access to Agricultural and Agro-Enterprise Finance

• Financial Sector Reforms: Since the 1990s, the financial sector has liberalized, leading to increased participation by commercial banks, microfinance institutions, and other financial intermediaries.
• Agricultural Credit:
  • 15.4% of commercial bank lending was allocated to the agriculture sector in 2011.
  • Only 6.5% of rural households had access to credit in 2008.
  • High interest rates and lack of collateral (due to land ownership issues) are major barriers.
• Support Mechanisms:
  • Warehouse receipt systems and credit guarantee schemes have been introduced to support farmers and agribusinesses.
  • Private Credit as % of GDP is 4% (2011).
  • Non-performing loans (NPLs) for agriculture are a concern.

5. Cost and Efficiency of Transport

• Transport Infrastructure: Government investment in roads has increased, but only 24% of rural people had access to all-season roads in 2010.
• Road Quality:
  • 43% of trunk roads are paved, while less than 2% of district and feeder roads are paved.
  • Poor connectivity and maintenance have led to high marketing costs.
• Transport Costs:
  • Diesel prices have increased, affecting transport costs.
  • Domestic freight rates are high, especially in rural areas.
• Private Sector Participation:
  • The transport sector is competitive, but transport costs are high.
  • Late voucher redemption and government payments to banks have affected demand.

6. Policy and Enabling Environment for Agribusiness Development

• Policy Environment:
  • The private sector perceives the policy environment as favorable, with zero-rated duties and VAT on agricultural exports.
  • However, policy inconsistency remains, including arbitrary local taxes and changing import/export duties.
• Government Role:
  • The government has reduced its direct involvement in the mechanization and seed sectors, allowing private sector growth.
  • Recent directives have enabled the private sector to produce foundation seeds from public varieties.
• Constraints:
  • Export bans on crops like maize have discouraged investment.
  • Poor regulation has led to issues with fake seeds.
  • Transport sector policies are open but have not effectively reduced costs.

Key Information

• Agriculture accounts for 28% of GDP and employs 80% of the labor force in Tanzania.
• The Agribusiness Indicators (ABI) program field tested data availability and consistency in Tanzania.
• Private sector participation is a major driver in the seed and fertilizer markets.
• Policy inconsistency, high costs, and limited access to credit and infrastructure are key challenges.
• Transport costs are high, especially in rural areas, due to poor road quality and infrastructure.
• Fertilizer use is low, with 19.3 kg/ha being the average rate, below international targets.
• Tractor use is limited, with only 5% of farmers using them, and 92% still relying on hand hoes.
• Credit guarantee programs and warehouse receipt systems are being developed to support agribusinesses.
• Soil testing is needed to improve fertilizer application rates and seed use.

Conclusion

Tanzania's agriculture sector is significant to the economy but remains underdeveloped due to widespread underinvestment and policy inconsistencies. While the private sector has grown in the seed and fertilizer markets, access to improved inputs and mechanization remains limited. The transport sector is competitive but faces high costs and poor infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. Strengthening the policy environment, improving infrastructure, and enhancing access to credit and information are essential for improving agribusiness performance in Tanzania.