2012年-世界发展银行全球_Agribusiness_Indicators___Mozambique_124页_3mb

Summary of Agribusiness Indicators in Mozambique (April 2012)

Core Content

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of agribusiness indicators in Mozambique, covering key areas such as seed access, fertilizer use, agricultural mechanization, agribusiness finance, and the transport sector. It also assesses the policy and enabling environment for agribusiness development.

Main Sectors and Indicators Analyzed

• Agribusiness Indicators: Seed access, fertilizer use, mechanization, finance, transport, and policy environment.
• Timeframe: Data from 2000 to 2011, with some projections for 2012.
• Focus Areas: Agricultural productivity, input supply, financial accessibility, transport infrastructure, and policy frameworks.

Key Findings

1. Seed Access and Utilization

• Improved Seed Use: Limited, with only 14% of rice and 5.7% of maize area using certified seed in 2010/11.
• Seed Production: Foundation seed production is insufficient, and local unimproved seed remains dominant.
• Private Sector Role: Slow growth in certified seed production and distribution, with most seed still supplied through donor or government programs.
• Constraints: High seed costs, poor seed multiplication, and limited private sector involvement.

2. Fertilizer Use and Prices

• Fertilizer Application: Mostly used for leaf tobacco (51%) and sugarcane (42%) in 2010/11.
• Fertilizer Use by Crops: Maize and rice receive less than 5% of all fertilizer applied.
• Fertilizer Prices: High, with urea being the primary imported type.
• Nutrient Output Ratios: Low, indicating that fertilizer is not economically viable for maize production in many areas.
• Fertilizer Subsidies: Exist, but the private sector agro-dealer network is underdeveloped, with only around 400 dealers in the country.

3. Agricultural Mechanization

• Tractor Availability: Low compared to South Africa and Kenya (12.6-14.2 per 100 sq km vs 43.0 and 25.2 respectively).
• Tractor Hire Services: Limited, with most farmers relying on labor-intensive methods.
• Animal Traction: Used in the south but not in the north due to trypanosomiasis and war-related cattle losses.
• Government Role: Subsidized tractor imports and distribution, but with opaque selection criteria, limiting private sector development.

4. Agribusiness Finance

• Access to Credit: Difficult, with commercial banks allocating only 6.5% of their lending to agriculture in 2010.
• Interest Rates: High, ranging from 23-30%, with real interest rates still elevated despite some inflation reduction.
• Collateral Issues: Moveable assets like tractors are accepted as collateral but at significant discounts.
• Financial Institutions: Limited presence in rural areas, with only 40% of the adult population served by bank branches in 2010.
• Loan Guarantee Schemes: Not widely used, and warehouse receipt systems are virtually non-existent.
• Foreign Investment: Many agribusinesses access financing from South Africa, Europe, and Asia, avoiding the constrained domestic financial sector.

5. Transport Sector

• Beira Corridor Transport: Efficient and competitive, but transport beyond trunk roads is expensive.
• Rural Transport Challenges: Poor road conditions, high costs, and seasonal flooding reduce access and increase logistics expenses.
• Logistics Performance: Mozambique's Logistics Performance Index is lower than Ghana's and the global average.
• Private Sector Participation: Limited, with only a few major trucking firms in Sofala Province.
• Regulatory Environment: Seen as restrictive, with concerns over unfair competition from foreign fleets.

6. Policy and Enabling Environment

• Policy Consistency: Perceived as inconsistent and not fully transparent.
• Government Expenditure: Agriculture budget as a percentage of GDP ranged from 5.4% to 5.7% (2007-2009), with planned expenditure higher than actual.
• Foreign Exchange Controls: Implemented in mid-2011 without consultation, affecting agribusiness operations.
• Private Sector Advocacy: Weak but improving, with the inclusion of a prominent local businessman in key business associations.
• Donor Dependency: The CTA is heavily reliant on donor funding and influenced by urban elites.

Priority Policy Issues

• Seed Sector: Need for increased production of breeder and foundation seeds, improved distribution, and better private sector involvement.
• Fertilizer Sector: Development of a robust agro-dealer network, better price competitiveness, and improved nutrient output ratios.
• Mechanization: Encouragement of private sector-led machinery services and maintenance.
• Finance: Expansion of financial services to rural areas, better credit availability, and development of loan guarantee mechanisms.
• Transport: Investment in rural and feeder roads, regulation of foreign trucking, and improvement of logistics performance.

Conclusion

Mozambique has significant potential to become a regional breadbasket but faces substantial challenges in agricultural productivity and infrastructure. The country's agribusiness development is hindered by inadequate input supply, limited access to credit, poor transport infrastructure, and an underdeveloped policy environment. While some progress has been made in certain areas, such as seed multiplication and fertilizer use, the overall system remains inefficient and not well-suited to support a dynamic agribusiness sector. Further data collection and policy reform are essential for sustainable growth in the sector.