2015年-世界发展银行全球_Kazakhstan_Trade_Report___Improving_Trade_Policy_Management_51页_1mb

报告摘要

Kazakhstan Trade Policy Management Summary

Core Content

This policy note provides an analysis of Kazakhstan's trade policy management, emphasizing the need for institutional improvements and better coordination to achieve the country's ambitious trade goals. It outlines the current institutional framework, identifies key constraints, and proposes actions to enhance the effectiveness of trade policy implementation.

Main Views

Trade Policy as a Strategic Tool: Trade policy is a central instrument for achieving Kazakhstan's economic diversification and sustainable growth goals. It is aligned with the 2030 and 2050 strategic visions, aiming to integrate Kazakhstan into global and regional markets.
Ambitious Strategy Requires Prioritization: The trade policy strategy is well-integrated with the national development strategy but is too broad and needs clearer prioritization. This includes focusing on WTO accession, Customs Union (CU) and Common Economic Space (CES) integration, and the negotiation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs).
Need for Institutional Coordination: Trade policy involves multiple ministries and agencies, requiring strong coordination and communication. The Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning (MEBP) leads trade negotiations and policy implementation, while the Ministry of Industry and New Technologies (MINT) and Ministry of Education and Science (MES) support innovation and enterprise development.
Public-Private Consultation is Important but Needs Improvement: Although public-private consultation is recognized as essential, it is currently ad-hoc and insufficient. Strengthening consultation mechanisms, including formal and informal networks, is necessary to align the private sector with national trade goals.
Capacity Building and Training are Critical: Enhancing the capacity of the MEBP and the Center for Trade Policy Development (CTPD) through training in trade negotiation techniques, analytical methods, and language skills is essential for effective trade policy implementation.

Key Information

Institutional Constraints

Constraint Type	Description
Constraint in Strategy Design	No clear strategy leading to reactive rather than strategic policy.
Constraint in Strategy Implementation	Unclear, overlapping, or conflicting mandates among ministries.
Constraint in Support Programs	Insufficient support programs, duplication, and lack of independent evaluation.
Constraint in Private Sector Consultation	Little or excessive ad-hoc consultation, unbalanced representation, weak technical capacity, and inadequate governance.
Human Resources Constraints	Issues related to the stability, type, quantity, and quality of skills.
Infrastructure Constraints	Lack of databases, information systems, internet access, and travel support.
Budget Constraints	Excessive budget limitations in fulfilling official mandates.

Priority Actions

Establish a permanent technical and policy representation in Moscow for CU/CES affairs and strengthen Kazakhstan's presence at the WTO.
Ensure strategic alignment between trade policy and export/enterprise development policies.
Organize coordination and consultation along thematic lines with greater private sector involvement.
Provide short-term training on trade negotiation techniques and policy analysis for MEBP and other relevant ministries.
Launch a public outreach campaign to inform the private sector and civil society about trade policy objectives and implications.

Institutional Models

Foreign Affairs Centered: Example: Australia
Ministry of Industry Centered: Example: Korea
Ministry of Economy Centered: Examples: Spain and Kazakhstan
Special Dedicated Agency: Example: United States

Each model has its own strengths and weaknesses, and Kazakhstan's model, centered on the MEBP, is effective but requires further refinement.

Recommendations

Improve institutional coordination across ministries and between the government and private sector.
Strengthen the governance framework for the National Chamber of Entrepreneurs.
Enhance the capacity of MEBP and CTPD through training and recruitment.
Develop a comprehensive communication strategy to inform the private sector about trade policy decisions.
Ensure that private sector consultation is structured, regular, and informative to build support for trade agreements.

Conclusion

Kazakhstan's trade policy is ambitious and well-integrated with its national development goals. However, to achieve these objectives, the country needs to improve institutional coordination, public-private consultation, and capacity building. These improvements will help ensure that trade policy is effectively implemented and aligned with the needs of both the public and private sectors.

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