国际能源署-新西兰2023能源政策审查（英）-2023-160页_3mb

Energy Policy Review of New Zealand 2023

Introduction

New Zealand has made significant progress in decarbonizing its energy sector, particularly in electricity generation, with over 80% renewable energy. However, challenges remain in decarbonizing transport, industry, and buildings, necessitating further policy development and investment.

Key Findings

• Energy Mix and Emissions: New Zealand's electricity system is highly renewable (81% in 2021), but emissions are concentrated in transport (45% of total GHG emissions) and industry. Ambitious targets include net-zero GHG emissions by 2050 and a 50% reduction in emissions by 2030.
• Progress and Challenges: The country has a diversified energy mix with hydropower and geothermal as primary sources. Climate policies, such as the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), are in place, but implementation delays and policy uncertainty pose risks to meeting targets.

Policy Measures

• Existing Policies: Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), energy efficiency programs, renewable energy incentives, and the Government Investment in Decarbonising Industry Fund.
• Upcoming Strategies: Development of the National Energy Strategy by 2024 and the Gas Transition Plan by 2023 to address sector-specific decarbonization pathways.

Challenges

• Sectoral Emissions: High emissions from transport and industry, with limited progress in electrification and biofuel adoption.
• Infrastructure and Investment: Delays in renewable projects, grid upgrades, and storage solutions (e.g., pumped hydro) create investment uncertainty. The closure of the Tiwai smelter affects electricity market stability.

Recommendations

1. Accelerate the development and implementation of long-term energy strategies to provide policy clarity.
2. Streamline regulatory frameworks for renewable energy and offshore wind to spur investment.
3. Enhance energy efficiency measures and expand support for electric vehicles and biofuels.
4. Address surplus supply in the ETS and ensure cost-effective decarbonization across sectors.

Conclusion

New Zealand has the potential to meet its energy and climate goals through its renewable resources and supportive policies. However, timely policy implementation, investment certainty, and cross-sectoral coordination are critical to achieving ambitious targets by 2030 and 2050.