2015年-世界发展银行全球_Poverty_and_Social_Exclusion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina___Insights_from_the_2011_Extended_Household_Budget_Survey_32页_2mb

Summary of Poverty and Social Exclusion in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Insights from the 2011 Extended Household Budget Survey

Core Content

The 2011 Extended Household Budget Survey (EHBS) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is the first national survey to allow monitoring of European Union (EU) indicators of poverty and social exclusion, as well as national indicators of absolute and relative consumption poverty. It serves as a hybrid approach combining elements of the standard Household Budget Survey (HBS) and the EU's Survey of Income and Living Conditions (SILC), providing a comprehensive dataset for analyzing poverty and social exclusion.

Main Viewpoints

• AROPE as a Key Indicator: The At-Risk-of-Poverty-or-Social-Exclusion (AROPE) indicator is used as the primary measure of social exclusion, combining three dimensions: at-risk-of-poverty, material deprivation, and low work intensity.
• Poverty Incidence: In 2011, 27% of the population in BiH was at risk of poverty, with higher rates in Republika Srpska (RS) (28%) compared to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) (26%). Rural areas had a significantly higher rate (33%) than urban areas (17%).
• Material Deprivation: Material deprivation is defined as the inability to afford at least four of nine essential items, including rent, utilities, and holidays. It is more prevalent in rural areas and RS, with 27% of the population experiencing severe material deprivation (SMD).
• Low Work Intensity: Households with very low work intensity, defined as below a threshold of 0.20, are also a significant concern. This is more common in rural areas and among those with lower education levels and unemployed heads of households.
• Social Exclusion Dimensions: Beyond economic indicators, the survey also measures life satisfaction and self-reported health status, highlighting the multidimensional nature of social exclusion.

Key Information

3.1 At-Risk-of-Poverty Profile

• Overall: 27% of the population was at risk of poverty.
• Regional Differences:
  • FBiH: 25.89%
  • RS: 28.11%
  • Urban: 17.29%
  • Rural: 32.89%
• Demographic Factors: Higher risk of poverty among individuals in households headed by those aged 50 or older and male-headed households.

3.2 Material Deprivation Profile

• Items Considered: The inability to afford rent, utilities, heating, food, holidays, and other goods like a television, washing machine, car, and telephone.
• Severe Material Deprivation (SMD):
  • Overall: 27.29%
  • FBiH: 24.24%
  • RS: 32.15%
  • Rural: 29.55%
  • Urban: 24.04%
• Most Common Deprivation: The inability to go on holiday (74%) and face unexpected expenses (64%) is the most widespread.
• SMD and Food Access: 73% of SMD individuals cannot afford to eat meat or proteins regularly, which is a significant portion of the population (25%).

3.3 Low Work Intensity Profile

• Definition: Very low work intensity is defined as the ratio of actual working months to potential working months (0.20 threshold).
• Regional and Demographic Trends:
  • Rural Areas: Higher incidence of low work intensity.
  • Education Level: Lower education levels correlate with higher incidence.
  • Employment Status: Unemployed heads of households are more likely to be in low work intensity households.

3.4 Interaction Between Indicators

• Union and Intersection: The AROPE indicator captures the union of the three dimensions (poverty, material deprivation, low work intensity), while the intersection shows those experiencing multiple forms of exclusion.
• Comparative Analysis: BiH's AROPE rate is higher than many EU countries but lower than the poorest new EU members.

4. Additional Dimensions of Social Exclusion

• Life Satisfaction: Individuals at risk of poverty or social exclusion are more likely to be somewhat or very unsatisfied with various aspects of life.
• Health Status: Self-reported health is worse for those at risk of exclusion, with significant portions of the population reporting bad or very bad health.

5. Special Risk Groups

• Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs):
  • Overall: 12% of the population.
  • Rural: 14.7%
  • Urban: 9.4%
  • A significant portion of these groups are at risk of poverty or social exclusion.
• Children's Material Deprivation:
  • Overall: 31% of children aged 0-15 are materially deprived.
  • Rural: 35%
  • Urban: 31%
  • Deprivation is more pronounced in rural areas and is measured across clothing, food, education, and leisure.

Conclusion

The 2011 EHBS provides critical insights into the multidimensional nature of poverty and social exclusion in BiH, highlighting the need for targeted policies, especially in rural areas and among vulnerable groups such as refugees, IDPs, and children. The data also underscores the importance of integrating both monetary and non-monetary indicators to fully understand the extent of social exclusion and its implications for policy development.