益普索-2018全球各国包容性调查报告（英文）-2018.7-59页-5mb

Summary of "The Inclusiveness of Nationalities" Global Advisor Survey

Core Content

This document presents the findings of a global survey conducted by Ipsos in 27 countries to assess societal inclusiveness towards different nationalities and groups. The survey explores how adults perceive various groups in terms of their inclusion as real nationals of their country, with specific focus on religious, immigration, and second-generation inclusiveness.

Main Points

Methodology

• The survey was conducted between April 20 and May 4, 2018, involving 20,767 adults aged 18-64 in Canada and the U.S., and 16-64 in other countries.
• Sample sizes varied, with most countries having over 1,000 participants, while some had approximately 500.
• Weighting was applied to ensure the sample reflects the demographics of the adult population according to the most recent country census data.
• The margin of error for a sample of 1,000 is ±3.1%, and for a sample of 500 is ±4.5% (19 times out of 20).

Inclusiveness Index

• The Overall Inclusiveness Index includes scores for different groups: Religious, Naturalized-Citizen, Second Generation, LBGT, Criminal Background, Extreme Political Views, Armed Forces Veteran, and Self-Perception.
• Countries with high internet penetration (17 out of 27) are considered representative of the wider population, while others with lower penetration (10 countries) represent a more affluent and connected segment.

Key Findings

Religious Inclusiveness

• At least 65% of adults in majority or historically Christian countries think Christians are "real" nationals.
• Multi-ethnic Malaysia is the only non-Christian majority country where a majority views Christians as "real" nationals.
• South Koreans and Japanese are more likely to be unsure.
• A plurality in Turkey and a solid majority in Saudi Arabia consider Christians not "real" nationals.

Atheist Inclusiveness

• Only France, Canada, and Sweden have at least two-thirds of adults considering atheists as "real" nationals.
• "Unsure" is the prevailing opinion in Japan, South Korea, and Russia.
• A very large majority in Saudi Arabia and a plurality in five other countries (including Serbia, Peru, Brazil, Turkey, and Malaysia) think atheists are not "real" nationals.

Jewish Inclusiveness

• A majority of adults in six countries (South Africa, Malaysia, Canada, France, Australia, and the U.S.) consider Jews as "real" nationals.
• A plurality in six other countries (including Japan, South Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Serbia) think Jews are not "real" nationals.
• The question was not asked in India.

Hindu Inclusiveness

• A majority of adults in six countries (South Africa, Malaysia, Canada, France, Australia, and the U.S.) consider Hindus as "real" nationals.
• A plurality in six other countries (including Japan, South Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Serbia) think Hindus are not "real" nationals.
• The question was not asked in India.

Immigration Inclusiveness

• A majority in 13 countries and a plurality in seven others consider naturalized citizens as "real" nationals.
• A majority in Malaysia, Hungary, Serbia, and Turkey and a plurality in Poland disagree.
• Japan has a majority who are unsure.
• Naturalized citizens with jobs are viewed more positively than those without jobs.
• The employment premium is highest in Belgium, France, Hungary, and South Korea (10 points or more).
• The non-employment penalty is highest in Australia, France, and South Africa (13 points or more).
• Fluency in the local language significantly increases the perception of a naturalized citizen as a "real" national.
• The language fluency premium is highest in Sweden, Malaysia, Belgium, and France (10 points or more).
• The non-fluency penalty is highest in France, Australia, and Belgium (by more than 25 points).
• Lifelong legal immigrants who have not become citizens are viewed less positively than naturalized citizens.
• The non-citizenship penalty is highest in the U.S., Canada, and Australia (30 points or more).
• Undocumented immigrants are viewed less positively than naturalized citizens.
• The undocumented penalty is highest in the U.S., Canada, South Africa, Australia, and South Korea (42 points or more).
• Immigrants who have married a native are less likely to be viewed as "real" nationals than naturalized citizens.
• The difference is highest in the U.S., Canada, and South Africa (25 points or more).

Conclusion

The survey highlights significant variations in societal inclusiveness across different groups and countries. While some countries show a strong sense of inclusiveness, others exhibit clear biases. The results suggest that factors such as employment status, language fluency, and citizenship status significantly influence how naturalized immigrants are perceived. Additionally, religious and ethnic diversity plays a crucial role in shaping these perceptions, with notable differences between majority Christian, Muslim, and non-religious countries.