深度-外交关系委员会-在二十一世纪结束人口贩运（英文）-2021.6-76页_1mb

Ending Human Trafficking in the Twenty-First Century

Core Content

Human trafficking is a severe global issue, often referred to as modern slavery. It involves the recruitment, transportation, or harboring of individuals through force, fraud, or coercion for exploitation. The United Nations estimates that there are 25 million victims worldwide, with the number increasing due to factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, migration crises, and global conflicts. Human trafficking generates an estimated $150 billion in annual profits and is a major driver of transnational crime and extremist activities.

Main Views

• Human Trafficking is a Global Problem: It occurs in almost every country, including the United States, and affects people of all genders and ages.
• It Undermines Human Rights and National Security: Trafficking is a violation of human rights and contributes to corruption, criminal networks, and instability.
• Economic Impact is Significant: It results in economic losses, including unpaid wages and lost productivity, and undermines sustainable development.
• Policy Frameworks Exist but Are Inadequate: International agreements like the Palermo Protocol and national laws such as the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) have been developed, but their implementation and effectiveness are lacking.
• Need for Enhanced Collaboration: Governments, private industry, and security and development sectors must work together to address trafficking through stronger policies, better enforcement, and increased investment.

Key Information

Forms of Human Trafficking

• Labor Trafficking: The most common form, involving forced labor in various sectors such as agriculture, construction, and domestic work.
• Sex Trafficking: Involves the exploitation of individuals for commercial sex acts, often through coercion, fraud, or force.
• Forced Marriage: A form of modern slavery where one or both parties do not give full, free, and informed consent.
• Trafficking for Organ Removal: Victims are coerced or forced to have their organs removed for profit, often in conflict zones or under authoritarian regimes.

Regional Prevalence

• Exploitation Varies by Region: Different types of trafficking are more prevalent in different regions. For example, sex trafficking is more common in Europe and North America, while labor trafficking is widespread globally.
• Migrant Vulnerability: Migrants, especially those from conflict zones, are at high risk of being trafficked. They may be subjected to debt bondage or fraudulently misled about job conditions.

Policy and Legal Landscape

• International Agreements: The Palermo Protocol (2000) is a key international legal framework aimed at combating human trafficking.
• U.S. Legislation: The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), enacted in 2000 and reauthorized multiple times, is a major U.S. legal tool against trafficking.
• Current Shortcomings: Despite these frameworks, trafficking persists due to insufficient funding, weak enforcement, and lack of accountability. The U.S. Department of State reported only 11,841 prosecutions worldwide in 2019.

Recommendations

• Enhance Corporate Accountability: Implement due diligence reforms to ensure supply chains are free from forced labor.
• Improve Immigration Policies: Develop a temporary work-visa system to protect migrants from exploitation.
• Strengthen National Action Plans: The U.S. should revise its National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking.
• Leverage Technology: Use technology to detect and disrupt trafficking networks.
• Increase Prosecutions: Expand the U.S. anti-trafficking coordination team model, involving law enforcement, labor officials, and social service providers.
• Address Root Causes: Focus on sustainable development, poverty reduction, and strengthening legal systems to prevent trafficking.

Conclusion

The authors argue that while significant progress has been made in defining and addressing human trafficking, the current efforts are insufficient. They emphasize the need for a more comprehensive and coordinated approach involving all sectors of society to effectively combat this crime and protect human rights. The report highlights that addressing human trafficking is not only a moral imperative but also a strategic necessity for U.S. national security and economic interests.

Appendixes and Endnotes

The report includes case studies on labor trafficking in the Arabian Gulf, sex trafficking in Brazil, and forced marriage in India. It also references extensive endnotes that support the findings and recommendations, drawing from a variety of international organizations, studies, and reports.

About the Authors

• Jamille Bigio: Senior Fellow for the Women and Foreign Policy program at CFR.
• Rachel B. Vogelstein: Douglas Dillon Senior Fellow and Director of the Women and Foreign Policy program at CFR.

Study Group

The report was informed by a distinguished study group comprising experts from government, multilateral organizations, academia, and the private and public sectors. The group provided valuable insights and recommendations, contributing to the comprehensive nature of the report.