20220831-IEA-Global_Hydrogen_Review_2022_284页_7mb

Global Hydrogen Review 2022 - Summary

1 Introduction

• Hydrogen demand reached 94 million tonnes (Mt) in 2021, recovering post-pandemic levels.
• Demand growth is driven by traditional uses (refining, industry) and new applications (transport, power generation, buildings).
• Executive summary identifies ambitious government targets (e.g., EU Fit for 55 package, REPowerEU).

2 Overall Market Trends

• Hydrogen production: Mostly from unabated fossil fuels (85% in 2021), but demand for low-emission hydrogen is accelerating due to energy crisis and policies.
• High investment in electrolysis, manufacturing, and pipeline projects.
• Global energy crisis (Russia-Ukraine war) has intensified focus on energy security and hydrogen's role.

3 Hydrogen Demand

• By sector (2021): Refining (industrial, undifferentiated), industry (ethylene, ammonia), transport (shipping, trucking), buildings, power generation.
• Growth: Refining demand increased by 32%, shipping saw 60% jump, hydrogen trucks deployed commercially.
• Future outlook: If announced strategies implemented, hydrogen demand could reach 115 Mt by 2030 (IEA Stated Policies case) or 130 Mt (Announced Pledges case).
• New applications: Heavy-duty transport, shipping, aviation fuels, synthetic hydrocarbons.

4 Hydrogen Production

• Capacity: Global installed electrolyser capacity ~510 MW, growing to potential 39 GW by 2030 if all projects realized.
• Methods: Electrolysis (dominant now, alkaline and PEM types), SMR with CCUS, fossil gas reforming.
• Challenges: High costs compared to fossil-based hydrogen, supply chain constraints, permitting delays.

5 Hydrogen Infrastructure

• Pipelines and storage: Growing interest in pipelines for regional transport and geological storage; cost estimates vary by technology.
• Pipelines: Short-term dominance of gas networks for blending, long-term potential for pure hydrogen transmission.
• Storage: Deeper aquifers, depleted gas fields, caverns show technical feasibility, but challenges remain for underground hydrogen storage.

6 Hydrogen Policies and Deployment

• National strategies (2021-2022): Nine governments adopted national hydrogen strategies since September 2021 (up from 26). Ambitions increasing rapidly.
• **Demand creation:**Slow progress; few binding targets for low-emission hydrogen use in key emitting sectors like industry.
• Innovation support: Increased venture capital and large firm investment (e.g., electrolyser developers, hydrogen carriers).
• Risk mitigation: Contracts for difference, auctions, public funding (e.g., IPCEI Hy2Tech > EUR 5 billion).

7 Hydrogen Trade

• Growth phase: Hydrogen projects increasingly oriented toward trade; planned exports up to 12 Mt H₂/year by 2030.
• Ambitions: REPowerEU targets 10 Mt renewable hydrogen imports by 2030; challenges regarding off-take agreements, infrastructure capacity, and regulatory framework.

8 Hyd in a Changing Energy Landscape

• Energy security role: Hydrogen can diversify energy mix and reduce fossil fuel dependency.
• Climate benefits increasing: By 2030, hydrogen could avoid 14 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 20 MtCO₂eq., and 360 thousand barrels of oil use.
• Feedback loops: Short-term high prices make low-emission hydrogen competitive in some regions, stimulating demand and deployment.