20150531-IEA-Technology_Roadmap_-_Hydrogen_and_Fuel_Cells_81页_3mb

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Technology Roadmap Summary

Introduction and Rationale

Hydrogen is a flexible energy carrier that can connect different energy sectors like transport, industry, and power, contributing to energy security and climate goals. The International Energy Agency (IEA) promotes hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) offer a low-carbon alternative for road transport. Key challenges include high costs and infrastructure development. Government support and RD&D are essential to overcome barriers and make hydrogen competitive.

Vision for Deployment to 2050

Under the high hydrogen emission reduction scenario, hydrogen could significantly cut carbon emissions by 2050:

• FCEVs may reduce transport emissions by up to 14% (e.g., 140 MtCO₂/year in the US).
• Hydrogen from low-carbon sources could supply 5-30% of transport fuel by 2050.
• Cumulative investment of $140-330 billion by 2050 is required for infrastructure.
• Hydrogen storage and T&D networks must expand to support millions of FCEVs.

Technology Development

Key technology actions and milestones include:

• Electrolysers: Reduce costs to USD 400/kW by 2025, increase efficiency to >80% (HHV).
• Fuel Cells: Lower costs to USD 30/kW by 2030, improve lifetime to 80,000 hours.
• Hydrogen Storage: Develop salt cavern storage to drop costs to USD 1/kWh.
• On-Board Storage: Reduce tank costs to USD 15/kWh by 2025.

Policy and Regulatory Framework

• Governments should set long-term emission targets, implement carbon pricing, and harmonize safety standards.
• Incentives like tax exemptions and subsidies are needed to bridge the cost gap with conventional vehicles.
• Facilitate international collaboration through R&D programs and partnerships.

Conclusion and Stakeholder Actions

Hydrogen technologies can play a key role in achieving climate goals if stakeholders focus on:

• Governments: Establish stable policies, support RD&D, and address market barriers.
• Industry: Demonstrate FCEV deployment and build hydrogen infrastructure.
• Academia: Improve models and research inter-sectoral integration.