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Summary of Research on Girls’ and Women’s Empowerment in Zimbabwe

This report analyzes the EAGER Evidence Hub study, conducted in Zimbabwe as part of the World Bank's East Africa Girls’ Empowerment and Resilience (EAGER) program. It investigates girls' and women's aspirations, barriers to empowerment, and the influence of social norms, using quantitative and qualitative data.

Key Findings:

• Aspirations: Approximately 80% of girls and women (ages 15-35) aspire to higher education, with 47% aiming for a university degree. Common desired sectors include production/manufacturing (24%) and retail/hospitality (23%). However, financial constraints (cited by ~80% of respondents) are the primary barrier, limiting employment in preferred fields.
• Barriers: Multiple challenges include financial limitations, early marriage (high pregnancy rates, e.g., 111 births per 1,000 girls aged 15-19), poverty, lack of access to education and skills training, and safety issues in male-dominated sectors. Most girls and women face at least one aspiration gap in education, employment, or family life.
• Gender Norms: While progressive views exist (e.g., support for gender equality in education), restrictive norms persist, such as traditional gender roles, hesitancy to enter male-dominated sectors, and acceptance of violence. Urban areas show more egalitarian attitudes, but rural communities have stronger regressive norms; girls often misperceive community attitudes.
• Family and Community Influence: Parents, spouses, and neighbors play crucial roles in shaping decisions, with mothers sometimes discouraging certain behaviors like contraceptive use. A supportive environment exists, with 46% of girls and women reporting no discouragement.
• Data Collection: The study surveyed 1,291 girls and women (15-35) and 302 stakeholders across ten districts, using quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to explore themes like education, employment, and norms.

Policy Implications:

• Address financial constraints through cash-plus transfers, which bundle monetary support with training and education promotion.
• Challenge restrictive norms via role model programs, information campaigns, and mentorship to shift misperceptions and foster empowerment.
• Implement multisectoral interventions targeting education access, vocational training, and labor market integration to align aspirations with opportunities, with emphasis on digital and financial skills.
• Leverage family and community members as champions, engaging spouses and parents to support girls' decisions.

Cross-Border Insights:

• Compared to Zambia and Mozambique, Zimbabwe shows higher educational aspirations. However, women's participation in male-dominated sectors remains low (10%), with girls often misjudging community attitudes.
• Common barriers include safety concerns, lack of professional networks, and high costs, which vary by region.

The research underscores that empowering girls and women through policy changes could boost economic growth and gender equality in Zimbabwe.