数据监管的经济影响_平衡开放与信任_64页_1mb

Economic Implications of Data Regulation: Balancing Openness and Trust

Core Content

This report, published by the OECD and WTO, explores the economic implications of data regulation, focusing on the balance between enabling cross-border data flows and ensuring data protection and trust. It provides empirical insights and hypothetical scenarios to help policymakers understand the trade-offs between different regulatory approaches.

Main Viewpoints

• Cross-border data flows are essential to the global economy, supporting social and economic interactions, global research, supply chain coordination, and market access for businesses and individuals.
• Data regulation is becoming more prevalent due to concerns over privacy, national security, cybersecurity, intellectual property, and regulatory reach.
• Data localisation measures, which require data to be stored or processed domestically, are also increasing, especially in emerging economies.
• The concept of data free flows with trust (DFFT) is introduced as a framework for balancing the trade costs of data regulation with the trust benefits of data protection.

Key Information

Data Characteristics

• Data is not like traditional resources: It is valued at use, not at volume. Its value can increase when combined with other data sets.
• Non-rivalrous and replicable: Data can be used simultaneously by multiple actors and is easily copied and shared at low cost.
• Data is a factor of production: It can be seen as an intangible asset, an intermediate input, and even capital with increasing returns.
• Data becomes information, knowledge, and wisdom: Through analysis, data can be transformed into useful insights, which are critical for decision-making and economic activity.

Regulatory Landscape

• The number of data-related regulations has increased significantly since 2015, with a near 800-fold increase in international internet bandwidth capacity.
• Data regulations can be either data flow regulations (which condition or prohibit cross-border data transfers) or data localisation measures (which require data to be stored or processed domestically).
• The DIKW hierarchy (Data → Information → Knowledge → Wisdom) highlights the importance of data in generating value, as it forms the foundation of the information, knowledge, and wisdom chain.

Economic Impacts

Data Flow Regulation

• Data autarky (full fragmentation of data flows) would result in a 4.5% global GDP loss and an 8.5% reduction in exports.
• Absence of data flow regulation could lead to a 1% global GDP decline and a 2% drop in exports, as trust would decrease.
• Open regimes with safeguards are found to be beneficial, with 3.6% increase in exports and 1.77% increase in GDP if adopted globally.
• Benefits are higher for low and lower-middle income economies, which could see GDP increases of over 4%.

Data Localisation Measures

• Removing data localisation would result in 0.26% increase in exports and 0.18% increase in GDP.
• Data storage requirements without flow prohibitions lead to less than 0.1% GDP loss globally.
• Combining storage with flow prohibitions can significantly increase economic costs. For example, GDP could fall by 0.5% and exports by nearly 1% if applied across all sectors.
• Strict data localisation is equivalent to a complete data transfer prohibition, leading to nearly nine times larger impacts than targeted sectoral prohibitions.
• Developing countries benefit most from removing data localisation measures.

Policy Implications

• Global solutions that balance data free flows with trust are likely to deliver better economic outcomes.
• Convergent regulatory frameworks are needed to reduce fragmentation and complexity in the global digital environment.
• Empirical evidence supports the need for careful consideration of the trade-offs between data regulation and economic growth.
• Business questionnaires and CGE models are used to quantify the potential economic impacts of various regulatory measures.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of getting data regulation right for all economies, emphasizing that data is a critical asset for economic development and global trade. It advocates for more global and harmonized approaches to data regulation to ensure that the benefits of data flows are maximized while maintaining necessary safeguards.