国际战略研究中心-石油和天然气甲烷法规的下一步是什么（英）-2023.3-9页_530kb

Summary of CSIS BRIEF on Methane Regulations in the Oil and Gas Industry

Introduction

The CSIS BRIEF examines the development of methane regulations in the United States and European Union, highlighting their potential to reduce emissions. It discusses the next steps for rules on both sides of the Atlantic, including alignment issues and implications for gas imports.

Key Findings

United States Methane Regulations

• The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is finalizing rules that include broader use of methane detection technologies, tying monitoring frequency to detection thresholds.
• The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) introduces a methane fee starting at $900 per metric ton in 2025, rising to $1,500 in 2027, to encourage emission reductions and align with EPA regulations.
• The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is proposing a waste prevention rule for federal lands, expected to be finalized by 2023.
• Timeline is critical; regulations must be completed this year to avoid repeal under legislative review, with potential exemptions linking the IRA fee to EPA rules.

European Union Methane Legislation

• The European Commission's initial proposal from 2021 is being modified; the European Council agreed to weaken LDAR requirements, allowing varied inspection frequencies based on equipment type.
• The European Parliament may push for more stringent rules, but current versions are less ambitious than the Commission's due to industry influence and energy security concerns.
• Legislation is expected by the end of 2023, but delays may affect implementation amid high gas prices and geopolitical issues.

Alignment and Challenges

• US and EU regulations share common goals but differ in technical details like LDAR inspections and MRV requirements.
• Questions remain on harmonizing detection technologies, operational practices for global companies, and standardizing emissions reporting across jurisdictions.
• Gas import standards in the EU face resistance due to market dynamics, with only groundwork planned for future reviews.

Gas Imports and EU Policy

• The EU relies on imports for most gas and is considering methane performance standards, but this is complicated by energy security and high prices.
• Initiatives include a methane transparency database and potential supplier fees or restrictions to drive global emission reductions.
• Challenges involve data verification, cargo-specific emissions accounting, and certification schemes, raising concerns from exporters.

Conclusion and Remaining Questions

Policymakers aim for convergence between US and EU rules to simplify operations and promote cost-effective mitigation. Key unresolved issues include technology integration, regulatory alignment, and the EU's gas import policies to be addressed through further analysis and debate.