2018包容性发展指数（英文版）_12页_677kb

Inclusive Development Index 2018 Summary and Data Highlights

Core Content

The Inclusive Development Index (IDI) 2018 highlights the growing disparity between economic growth and inclusive socioeconomic progress across advanced and emerging economies. While GDP growth remains a central metric for economic performance, it is increasingly evident that it does not guarantee improvements in living standards for all. The report emphasizes the need for a shift in focus toward more inclusive and sustainable development models that address inequality, social inclusion, and intergenerational equity.

Main Viewpoints

• GDP as a flawed indicator: GDP growth is often prioritized by policymakers and the media, yet it fails to capture the multidimensional aspects of living standards such as income, employment, and quality of life. This leads to an overemphasis on macroeconomic stability at the expense of structural reforms that promote inclusion.

• Inclusion as a systemic challenge: Inclusive growth requires structural economic policies and institutional strength in areas such as skills development, labor markets, social protection, and infrastructure. These areas are often neglected, resulting in stagnant or declining inclusion indicators despite GDP growth.

• Inequality persists: Income and wealth inequality remain significant issues, especially in advanced economies, where they have either increased or remained stagnant. In emerging economies, while poverty has declined in many cases, inequality remains high and often worsens.

• Interpersonal trust and inclusive development are linked: Societies with higher levels of interpersonal trust tend to perform better on the IDI, suggesting a need for more human-centric approaches to economic policy.

• Regional disparities in performance: Some countries, such as Norway, demonstrate strong inclusive development, while others, like the United States and Japan, show significant challenges in social inclusion and sustainability.

Key Findings

• Global trends: 64% of 103 economies have seen IDI scores improve over the past five years, but this progress is uneven. Upper-middle-income economies have led the gains, while low-income economies have fallen further behind.

• Inequality-adjusted life expectancy: In advanced economies, high GDP per capita often masks significant inequality in living standards. For example, the U.S. ranks second lowest in inequality-adjusted life expectancy despite being 9th in GDP per capita.

• GDP growth vs. Inclusion: In advanced economies, only 10 out of 29 have seen clear progress on the Inclusion pillar, while most have seen deterioration. In emerging economies, the link between GDP growth and Inclusion is also weak, with only 6 out of 30 top-performing GDP economies showing strong Inclusion results.

• Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability: This pillar shows declining performance in many emerging economies, driven by fiscal and demographic pressures, and a drop in adjusted net savings. Advanced economies also face challenges, though some like Norway and Germany have made progress.

• Country-specific performance: The IDI reveals that countries with strong GDP growth may still struggle with inclusion and sustainability. For instance, the U.S. and Japan have high GDP per capita but lag in inclusion and sustainability indicators.

Selected Country Summaries

Advanced Economies

• Australia: 9th in IDI, high GDP per capita and employment, but poor performance on labor productivity, health-adjusted life expectancy, and Inclusion (18th). High income and wealth inequality.

• Canada: 17th in IDI, strong in Growth and Development (12th), but lagging in Inclusion (17th) and Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability (21st). High poverty rate, moderate income inequality.

• France: 18th in IDI, moderate performance in Growth and Development, strong in Inclusion and Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability. High income and wealth inequality.

• Germany: 12th in IDI, strong improvements in Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability, but high wealth inequality and poverty rate (9.5%).

• Italy: 27th in IDI, poor performance in Growth and Development and Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability. High poverty and inequality, aging population.

• Ireland: 8th in IDI, strong in Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability, but high income and wealth inequality. Improved public debt but worsening wealth inequality.

• Japan: 24th in IDI, high health-adjusted life expectancy, but poor in labor productivity and employment. High public debt and carbon intensity.

• Norway: 1st in IDI, strong performance across all pillars. Low inequality, high median living standards, and strong social safety nets.

• United Kingdom: 21st in IDI, poor performance on Inclusion and Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability. Rising wealth inequality and public debt.

• United States: 23rd in IDI, strong in Growth and Development but poor in Inclusion. High inequality and poverty, declining median household income.

Emerging Economies

• Argentina: 23rd in IDI, moderate performance in Inclusion and Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability. Declining growth and productivity, but improving poverty reduction.

• Brazil: 37th in IDI, strong in Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability, but poor in Growth and Development. High wealth inequality, low carbon intensity.

• China: 26th in IDI, significant poverty reduction but high inequality. Strong in Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability, but poor in Inclusion. High carbon intensity.

• India: 62nd in IDI, improving trend. Strong in labor productivity and GDP per capita, but poor in Inclusion. High poverty rate and inequality.

• Indonesia: 36th in IDI, strong in Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability, but poor in Inclusion. High wealth and income inequality.

• Mexico: 24th in IDI, strong in Growth and Development and Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability. Moderate Inclusion, but inequality has decreased.

• Nigeria: Ranked 63rd, faces significant challenges in all pillars. Low GDP per capita, high inequality, and weak social indicators.

Conclusion

The IDI 2018 underscores the need for a shift in economic policy from GDP-centric growth to a more inclusive model that prioritizes social equity and sustainability. It emphasizes that inclusive growth is not only possible but necessary for long-term economic stability and social cohesion. Policymakers must recognize the systemic nature of inequality and invest in structural reforms to ensure that growth benefits all segments of society. The World Economic Forum's System Initiative aims to foster public-private cooperation in this effort, promoting a more human-centric approach to economic development.