2015年-世界发展银行全球_Botswana_Agriculture_Public_Expenditure_Review_2000-2013_147页_4mb

Summary of Botswana Agriculture Public Expenditure Review (2000-2013)

Core Content

This report provides an analysis of public expenditure on agriculture in Botswana from 2000 to 2013, highlighting the trends, structure, and effectiveness of spending in the context of the country's agricultural policies and development goals. It also outlines recommendations for improving future spending and policy formulation.

Main Points

1. Overview of the Report

• The report is part of a series of Agriculture Public Expenditure Reviews (AgPERs) conducted in sub-Saharan Africa under the CAADP framework.
• It aims to provide a detailed analysis of agricultural public expenditure, its patterns, and its alignment with policy objectives.
• It also provides recommendations for future spending and policy formulation.

2. Country and Sector Context

• Economic Growth: Botswana's economy has grown steadily over the past decades, driven by mineral wealth and good governance.
• Agricultural Share in GDP: Agriculture contributes only 2.7% to GDP (2012), with livestock (64%), crops (10%), and "others" (26%) as the main components.
• Public Expenditure on Agriculture: Despite the sector's small size, public spending on agriculture is relatively high compared to GDP. It is around 3.0 to 3.6% of the total budget.
• Agricultural Policy Shift: The focus has shifted from food self-sufficiency to food security since 1991, with reliance on open markets and trade.

3. Agricultural Sector Characteristics

• Traditional vs. Commercial Farming:
  • Traditional farming dominates, operating on communal land.
  • Commercial farming covers less than 10% of the land and owns less than 15% of cattle.
  • Commercial farms produce most sorghum and some maize, while traditional farms produce nearly all maize.
• Productivity and Market Sensitivity:
  • Traditional sector has lower productivity and is less sensitive to market prices.
  • Cattle slaughter is also not very sensitive to price changes.
• Irrigation and Water Resources:
  • Botswana has limited irrigation potential due to erratic rainfall and few perennial rivers.
  • Only about 2000 hectares are currently under irrigation, mostly for horticultural products.
  • Potential for new irrigation areas exists in Chobe District using Zambezi river water.
• Trade and Self-Sufficiency:
  • Botswana is self-sufficient in beef, goat meat, and broiler meat and eggs.
  • Most other agricultural products are imported, mainly from South Africa.
  • Domestic maize production is insufficient to meet demand.

4. Institutional Framework

• Ministry of Agriculture (MOA):
  • The MOA is responsible for most public services in agriculture.
  • It is represented in all districts, with services deconcentrated rather than decentralized.
  • MOA has a large staff of 7,226, with about 1,210 being technical or professional staff.
• Parastatals and Support Schemes:
  • The Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB) and Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) are key parastatals.
  • Support schemes such as ISPAAD and LIMID are significant components of public spending.

5. Patterns of Public Expenditure on Agriculture

• Expenditure Trends:
  • Overall public expenditure on agriculture has more than tripled from P451 million in FY 1999/2000 to P1,549 million in FY 2012/13.
  • Public expenditure on agriculture is roughly 50% of the sector's value-added.
• Classification of Expenditure:
  • Expenditure is classified into recurrent and development spending.
  • Recurrent spending is mainly on livestock (over 50%), while development spending is focused on crops (70%) and livestock (24%).
  • ISPAAD (crop and horticulture support) and LIMID (livestock support) account for a large share of development expenditure.
• Budget Execution and Predictability:
  • Recurrent budget execution rates are close to 100%, but actual spending is often lower than initial estimates.
  • Development spending has increased sharply from FY 2008/09 onwards, often exceeding initial budget estimates.
  • The budget is generally predictable and flexible, allowing for timely responses to emergencies.

6. Role of Public Spending in Agricultural Growth

• Growth in Specific Subsectors:
  • Only certain subsectors, such as horticulture and industrial chicken production, have shown clear signs of growth.
  • Industrial chicken production was promoted by trade restrictions, not public spending.
• Public Goods and Productivity:
  • Public goods like veterinary services and cordon fences are well-supported.
  • Productivity in traditional and commercial sectors remains low, with no discernible trend in crop production.
• Maputo Target:
  • The Maputo Declaration of 2003 sets a target of 10% of the budget for public expenditure on agriculture.
  • Botswana's current spending is much lower than this target, raising questions about its feasibility given the sector's limited growth potential.

7. Recommendations

• Spending Level and Maputo Target:
  • Increase public spending to meet the Maputo Declaration's 10% target.
• Policy and Strategy:
  • Align spending with national development goals and sector-specific needs.
• Big Capital Investment Projects:
  • Prioritize large projects like the Pandamatenga and Chobe irrigation schemes.
• Research and Extension:
  • Strengthen research and extension services to improve productivity and support farmers.
• Planning and Coordination:
  • Improve the planning process to ensure better alignment with policy objectives.
• Support Schemes:
  • Enhance the efficiency and impact of support schemes, particularly for crops and livestock.
• Other Recommendations:
  • Improve data collection and transparency.
  • Address gender and age disparities in traditional farming.
  • Promote better integration of public and private sector efforts.

Key Information

• Currency: Botswana Pula (BWP), with USD 1 = BWP 8.62 (April 14, 2014).
• Fiscal Year: April 1 to March 31.
• Data Sources: Budget documents, surveys, and financial reports.
• Major Projects: Pandamatenga (crop and livestock development), Chobe (irrigation), and the Zambezi river irrigation scheme.
• Support Schemes: ISPAAD and LIMID are the two main support schemes, with ISPAAD accounting for a large portion of development spending.
• Public Goods: Veterinary services, animal movement registration, and cordon fences are well-supported.
• Challenges:
  • Limited potential for agricultural expansion due to climate and water constraints.
  • High public expenditure relative to the sector's size.
  • Low productivity in traditional agriculture.
  • Reliance on South African imports for most agricultural products.

Conclusion

The report highlights the unique challenges and opportunities in Botswana's agricultural sector, emphasizing the need for increased and more strategic public spending to achieve sustainable growth and development. It recommends aligning expenditure with the Maputo Declaration's target and focusing on specific areas such as irrigation, research, and support schemes. The analysis also underscores the importance of improving data collection, transparency, and coordination between institutions to enhance the effectiveness of public spending.