2010年-世界发展银行全球_Land_Management_12页_799kb

EAP DRM KnowledgeNotes Summary

Core Content

This document provides an analysis of land management strategies in the context of disaster recovery, focusing on the Wenchuan Earthquake in China and drawing comparisons with historical and international examples. It outlines the challenges of managing land for reconstruction and highlights the need for flexible and efficient land use policies.

Main Viewpoints

• Diverse Impact of the Wenchuan Earthquake: The earthquake affected a wide range of areas from rural villages to urban centers, leading to varied levels of damage and necessitating localized reconstruction strategies.
• Urbanization Pressures: Rapid urbanization in China, driven by rural-urban migration, has created significant pressure on urban land resources, particularly in peri-urban areas.
• Land Use Inefficiencies: The study identifies several inefficiencies in Chinese land use, including:
  • Farmland Protection Policies: These have led to fragmented urban peripheries and inefficient land use.
  • Building Intensity Limits: These constraints force cities to expand spatially rather than intensify land use.
  • Lack of Coordination: Between land use and infrastructure development, leading to longer travel times and higher costs.
• Role of Spatial Planning: Effective spatial planning is critical for efficient land use, with compact urban forms being more economically and environmentally beneficial.
• Land Readjustment as a Tool: The land readjustment scheme is presented as a useful mechanism for integrating infrastructure and urban development, minimizing resettlement, and generating public funds.

Key Information

• Urban Development Project (SUPD): The Sichuan Urban Development Project, initiated in 2006, includes land development in peri-urban areas of Mianyang and Suining, with Mianyang serving as a best practice example.
• Land Conversion Quotas: These quotas are a regulatory mechanism to control land use, but their inflexibility hampers efficient land allocation. The document suggests making them transferable to allow for more efficient use.
• Floor Area Ratio (FAR): FAR regulations can be used to guide urban development by varying land use intensity based on location. The document emphasizes the need for citywide zoning maps to show FAR variations.
• Temporary Housing: Urban areas provided temporary housing for displaced populations, with a five-year stay being acceptable. However, the speed of reconstruction should not be the sole measure of success.
• International Examples: The document includes case studies from the Great Fire of London, Lisbon Earthquake, Paris Cholera Epidemic, San Francisco Earthquake, and Kobe Earthquake, highlighting key lessons such as the importance of clear policy objectives, the role of public-private partnerships, and the need for long-term planning.

Recommendations

• Flexibility in Land Conversion Quotas: Allow transferability of quotas within municipalities to enable more efficient land use and promote growth in areas with comparative advantages.
• Reform of Building Intensity Limits: Adjust limits on floor area ratio (FAR) to allow for more intensive development, especially in areas with high demand and good infrastructure access.
• Integration of Land Use and Infrastructure Planning: Ensure that land use policies align with infrastructure development to reduce travel times and costs.
• Adopt Land Readjustment Schemes: Use land readjustment to integrate infrastructure and urban development, minimize resettlement, and generate public investment.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage private developers to participate in urban development projects, with the state providing legal and financial frameworks to support this.
• Policy Review and Adaptation: Regularly review and update land use policies to ensure they remain relevant and effective in the context of rapid urbanization and disaster recovery.

Key Lessons

• Context-Specific Approaches: Reconstruction strategies must be tailored to the specific context of each affected area, whether rural or urban.
• Long-Term Planning: Rapid reconstruction should not be equated with success; long-term planning and sustainable development are essential.
• Community Involvement: Engaging residents and landowners in the planning process is crucial for the success of land readjustment and other development schemes.
• Clear Policy Objectives: Having a clear and unified policy objective, such as promoting efficient land use and improving public services, can help coordinate diverse efforts.
• Infrastructure and Land Use Synergy: The synergy between infrastructure and land use planning is vital for reducing costs and improving urban efficiency.

Annex: Experiences of Other Countries

• Great Fire of London, 1666: The city was rebuilt using a modified original street plan, with improvements in infrastructure and building materials.
• Lisbon Earthquake, 1755: The city was rebuilt with wide streets and seismic-resistant structures, emphasizing public safety and urban planning.
• Paris Cholera Epidemic, 1832: The reconstruction was guided by a clear objective and involved state-led expropriation and public-private partnerships.
• San Francisco Earthquake, 1906: The city's rapid reconstruction led to lower building standards, highlighting the risks of hasty rebuilding.
• Kobe Earthquake, 1995: The land readjustment scheme was used to facilitate reconstruction and improve land use efficiency.

These case studies provide valuable insights into the complexities of disaster recovery and land management, emphasizing the need for flexible, coordinated, and community-focused approaches.