2015年-世界发展银行全球_Land_Administration_and_Management_in_Ulaanbaater_Mongolia_114页_13mb

报告摘要

Summary of Land Administration and Management in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Core Content

This report provides an in-depth analysis of land administration and management in Ulaanbaatar (UB), Mongolia, highlighting the challenges and opportunities in managing urban land and property. It emphasizes the need for reform in the regulatory framework, land valuation, and market mechanisms to enhance the efficiency of land management and generate additional public revenues.

Main Viewpoints

Urban Expansion and Population Density: UB is experiencing low-density urban expansion, which increases the costs of transportation and utilities and reduces the city's economic competitiveness. The city has a much lower population density compared to other major cities in the region, which leads to higher infrastructure costs and environmental issues.
Land Administration System: The current system is inefficient, fragmented, and lacks transparency. Multiple government bodies are involved in land administration, leading to duplication of tasks and increased costs for users.
Land Use Regulations: Existing land use regulations are outdated and contribute to sprawl and market distortions. They encourage segregated land use rather than mixed-use, which limits economic and social benefits from urban density.
Land Value Capture: UB has significant potential to generate public revenue through land value capture mechanisms such as property taxes and land auctions. However, current policies do not reflect market values and result in missed revenue opportunities.
Land Tenure and Ownership: The distinction between "possession" and "ownership" rights is unclear, creating uncertainty for investors and land users. Legal entities and individuals face challenges in securing long-term land rights.
Public Land Management: Despite progress, the city lacks a coherent and transparent land policy. There are missed opportunities in managing public land for commercial use and capturing its value through auctions and taxes.

Key Information

Land Use and Market: The city's land use and property markets are not well developed, with a concentration of private investment in central areas and along major transport corridors. This leads to underutilization of public land and limited infrastructure development in peripheral areas.
Challenges:
- Low-density expansion increases costs and reduces quality of life.
- Outdated land use regulations contribute to sprawl and market distortions.
- Inefficient land administration processes and unclear responsibilities reduce the effectiveness of tax collection and land registration.
- The lack of a clear land policy leads to misallocation and undersupply of land for public use.
Opportunities:
- Implementing a comprehensive land management policy could improve the allocation and use of public land.
- Introducing property taxes based on market values could significantly boost municipal revenues.
- Auctioning surplus land could generate substantial funds for public infrastructure and services.
Recommendations:
- Finalize the surveying and registration of all publicly owned land.
- Create an interdepartmental Task Force to develop a city-wide land management policy.
- Revise zoning and development standards to allow for more flexible and mixed land use.
- Improve coordination between city agencies and enhance transparency in land administration processes.
- Reform land valuation practices to reflect market values and improve tax collection.

Appendices and Boxes

Appendix A: Discusses the evolution of land laws in Mongolia.
Appendix B: Presents scenarios of forgone revenues from past land allocations and potential future revenues from land auctions.
Appendix C: Details land value zones for determining land fees in UB.
Boxes:
- Highlight case studies on land management challenges in UB, such as dual property registries, land fee assessments, and issues with inheritance.
- Include examples of successful land administration practices in other countries like Georgia, Berlin, and cities in Turkey and Egypt.

Figures and Maps

Figure E.1: Compares road hierarchy, surface area coverage, and population density in UB and other cities, showing the inefficiencies of low-density urban expansion.
Maps:
- Map 1.1: Basic land use categories in UB.
- Map 4.1: Average Khashaa prices in UB.
- Map C.1: Boundaries of land value zones in UB.

Conclusion

Ulaanbaatar's land administration and management systems require urgent reform to improve efficiency, transparency, and revenue generation. The city has the potential to significantly enhance its urban development and public services through better land policies and market mechanisms. Immediate actions and long-term stakeholder engagement are necessary to achieve these goals.