中国在缅甸的投资范围研究（英文版）_45页_1mb

Chinese Investments in Myanmar - A Scoping Study Summary

Core Content

This scoping study, conducted by the Global Environmental Institute (GEI), provides an overview of Chinese investments in Myanmar, particularly focusing on their environmental and social impacts. The study is part of the "China Going Global" series and aims to understand the nature and scale of Chinese foreign direct investment (OFDI) in Myanmar, as well as the implications of such investments.

Main Points

• Investment Liberalization: Myanmar liberalized its trade policy in 1988 to attract foreign investment, which led to a significant increase in Chinese investment.
• "Go Global" Policy: Launched in 2001, this policy encouraged Chinese enterprises to invest abroad, including in Myanmar.
• Investment Growth and Decline: Chinese FDI in Myanmar increased rapidly from 2005 to 2010, reaching $875.6 million in 2010, but dropped to $217.8 million in 2011 due to political and social tensions.
• Sectoral Focus: Chinese investments are mainly concentrated in mining, hydropower, agriculture, infrastructure, and tourism.
• State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs): Most large-scale investments are made by SOEs, which are often backed by the Chinese government and have strategic interests in securing resources.
• Private Companies: While less prominent, some private Chinese companies are involved in smaller-scale mining projects and exploration activities.

Key Information

Investment Trends

• OFDI Flows (2005–2013):
  • Total OFDI to Asia increased from $12,261 million in 2005 to $107,840 million in 2013.
  • Chinese OFDI in Myanmar fluctuated, with a peak of $875.6 million in 2010 and a significant drop to $217.8 million in 2011.
  • By 2013, OFDI in Myanmar had recovered to $475.3 million.

Sectoral Distribution

• Mining: 63% of Chinese investments in Myanmar.
• Oil and Gas: Not explicitly detailed but included in the 36% of investments in the mining and oil and gas sectors.
• Infrastructure: Includes economic zones and transportation facilities.
• Tourism: No Chinese investment projects were identified.

Notable Projects

• Tagaung Taung Nickel Mine: Joint venture between CNMC and TISCO, with CNMC holding a 50% stake. The mine is operational, with an annual output capacity of 25,000 tons of nickel.
• Monywa Letpadaung Copper Mine: Operated by Myanmar Wanbao Mining Copper Limited (MWMCL), a subsidiary of Wanbao Mining. The mine is under construction, with an estimated investment of $1.1 billion.
• Mwetaung Nickel Mine: Joint venture between Wanbao Mining and Zijin Mining Group, with the mine in advanced stages of exploration.
• Tigyit Coal Mine: Developed by China National Heavy Machinery Corporation (CHMC) for a local company, currently operational.
• Kalonta Tin Mine: Operated by China Minghua Group Ltd, with an estimated investment of $487 million.

Company Types

• State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs):
  • Major players in large-scale mining and infrastructure projects.
  • Examples include CNMC, TISCO, NORINCO, and Zijin Mining Group.
• Private Companies:
  • Involved in smaller-scale mining and exploration.
  • Examples include China Minghua Group Ltd and Asia Pacific Mining Ltd (APML).

Legal and Partnership Framework

• Investment Laws: Myanmar's new Foreign Investment Law allows for foreign investment through either a 100% foreign-owned entity or a joint venture with a Myanmar citizen or the government.
• Joint Ventures: SOEs often partner with the Myanmar government or state-owned enterprises, while private companies tend to form joint ventures with local private entities or the government.

Recommendations and Next Steps

• The report highlights the need for further engagement with Chinese companies to understand the environmental and social impacts of their investments.
• It suggests that future research should focus on the detailed environmental and social effects of these investments, especially in sensitive areas.
• Recommendations include enhancing transparency, improving local community engagement, and ensuring sustainable development practices.

Conclusion

Chinese investments in Myanmar have been significant, particularly in the mining and infrastructure sectors, driven by strategic interests and resource needs. However, these investments have faced political and social challenges, necessitating a more nuanced and sustainable approach to future projects.