2009年-世界发展银行全球_Forced_Displacement___Overview_of_the_World_Bank_Portfolio_12页_880kb

World Bank Portfolio on Forced Displacement Summary

Core Content

The World Bank has engaged in addressing forced displacement through various activities, focusing on both the immediate and long-term development needs of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees. Between the 1980s and FY2009, the Bank undertook 94 activities related to forced displacement, which were distributed across six regions.

Main Regions and Activities

• Europe and Central Asia (ECA):

  • Examples include support for IDPs in Azerbaijan, self-reliance opportunities in Georgia, income generation and service access in Croatia, and education support in Albania for Kosovo refugees.
  • Total activities: 20 (8 active)

• East Asia and Pacific (EAP):

  • Activities in Mindanao (Philippines), Aceh (Indonesia), and Timor-Leste.
  • Total activities: 8 (5 active)

• South Asia (SAR):

  • Support for IDPs in Sri Lanka, Afghan refugees in Pakistan, and recent rehabilitation efforts in Afghanistan.
  • Total activities: 13 (5 active)

• Africa (AFR):

  • Community-based reintegration in Cote d'Ivoire and Burundi, and the Community Reintegration and Recovery Fund in Sierra Leone.
  • Total activities: 39 (19 active)

• Middle East and North Africa (MENA):

  • Activities for displaced Iraqis in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, and Palestinian refugees in Lebanon.
  • Total activities: 6 (2 active)

• Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC):

  • Land rights protection for IDPs in Colombia.
  • Total activities: 5 (3 active)

Key Findings

• No systematic relationship exists between the scale of displacement and the number of Bank activities addressing it, with the exception of the Africa and ECA regions.
• Only 38% of the 53 countries with significant displaced populations (over 50,000 people) recognized forced displacement as a development issue in their country strategy documents.
• IDA/IBRD operations account for 47% of the activities, followed by trust fund operations (42%) and analytical work (11%).
• Of the 94 activities, 42 (45%) are active, and 52 (55%) are closed.
• The Bank's engagement in forced displacement has been declining over the past two decades.

Critical Development Challenges

The following are the key development challenges associated with forced displacement:

• Land rights and property restitution: Often not addressed adequately, with only three activities specifically targeting this issue.
• Livelihood restoration: Supported in 50% of the operations, as it is crucial for sustainable solutions.
• Service delivery: Health, education, housing, and infrastructure are essential for both returnees and displaced populations, supported in 45% of the operations.
• Governance and rule of law: Often weak, especially at the local level, affecting the ability to provide durable solutions.
• Urban displacement: Increasing in scale, with eight operations addressing urban settings, including housing and public services.

Durable Solutions and Protracted Displacement

• 68% of the Bank-supported operations focus on return to communities of origin for refugees and IDPs.
• 20% support durable solutions for IDPs within their country, and 7% for refugees in exile.
• 8% of operations address the development needs of those in protracted displacement, emphasizing the need for sustained support in areas with limited access to livelihoods and services.
• Only two active operations target protracted displacement, highlighting the need for more attention in this area.

Portfolio Trends

• There has been a shift from trust fund to IDA/IBRD operations, with 61% of active operations being IDA/IBRD.
• However, only 15.4% of trust fund operations have been replicated in IDA/IBRD operations, indicating a lack of mainstreaming.
• IDA/IBRD operations have been less involved in addressing displacement compared to trust funds, despite the growing number of displaced people globally.

Global Context

• By the end of 2008, about 42 million people were in displacement situations due to conflict, violence, or persecution.
• 15.2 million were refugees outside their country of nationality, and 26 million were IDPs within their country.
• The Bank's portfolio indicates a need for more comprehensive evaluation of its displacement-related operations to extract lessons and improve future interventions.

Recommendations

• There is a need to systematically include displaced populations in household income surveys and Poverty Assessments to better understand their specific needs and vulnerabilities.
• The Bank should mainstream displacement-related approaches into IDA/IBRD operations to ensure scalable and sustainable solutions.
• More attention should be given to the development dimensions of displacement, especially in protracted situations, where displaced people and host communities face significant challenges.