2014年-WEF世界经济论坛_Health_Systems_Leapfrogging_in_Emerging_Economies_22页_2mb

Summary of the Health Systems Leapfrogging in Emerging Economies Project Paper

Core Content

This project paper, supported by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG), explores the concept of health systems leapfrogging in emerging economies. It emphasizes the need for emerging economies to adopt innovative strategies to build sustainable and efficient health systems, avoiding the pitfalls that have hindered developed economies. The paper outlines a vision for health systems that balances better health outcomes, individual satisfaction, and financial sustainability.

Main Views

• Health Systems Need Leapfrogging: Emerging economies face significant challenges in building sustainable health systems, including high costs, a double disease burden, and complex demand and supply dynamics. Traditional development paths are not feasible, and leapfrogging offers a more efficient and sustainable alternative.

• Opportunity for Leapfrogging: Emerging economies are increasing their health expenditure and have the potential to leapfrog developed economies by adopting new technologies, operating models, and behavioral changes. These innovations can help them bypass inefficient stages of development and achieve better outcomes with fewer resources.

• Destination of Leapfrogging: The ideal health system should focus on three core objectives: better health outcomes, individual satisfaction, and financial sustainability. These are interdependent and must be balanced to ensure a virtuous cycle of development. A life course approach is recommended to identify key areas of impact across different stages of life.

Key Information

Leapfrogging Defined

Leapfrogging refers to the use of new technologies, operating models, or behaviors to accelerate the development of a system, allowing it to skip traditional, inefficient stages. It is a mindset and a strategy that enables systems to evolve more efficiently and sustainably.

Leapfrogging Matrix

The leapfrogging matrix organizes opportunities for transformation across seven health system categories and three innovation types:

1. Health System Categories:

   • Prevention & Health Promotion
   • Service Delivery
   • Medical Products
   • Workforce
   • Information
   • Financing
   • Leadership/Governance

2. Innovation Types:

   • Technology: Innovations that are simpler, more affordable, and more durable than traditional solutions.
   • Operating Model Change: Modifications in the organizational structure and process design of health services.
   • Behaviour Change: Changes in individual and organizational behavior within the health system.

Leapfrogging Criteria

To qualify as a leapfrogging innovation, a change must:

• Accelerate development: Reduce the time needed to achieve health outcomes.
• Be cost-effective: Achieve the same or better results at the same or lower cost.
• Be scalable: Allow for efficient expansion and adaptation.

Enabling Conditions

Leapfrogging requires certain enabling conditions, such as:

• A minimum level of physical infrastructure (e.g., electricity, sanitation).
• A minimum level of workforce sophistication (e.g., literacy, digital skills).
• An environment that encourages and rewards innovation, including:
  • A supportive policy framework.
  • Agility to adapt to new trends.
  • Flexibility in policy design to suit different contexts.

Case Studies

The paper includes five case studies that illustrate the application of leapfrogging in different health system categories:

Case Study 1: Organizational Innovation in Medical Service Delivery in India

• Innovation Type: Operating model change.
• Description: Reorganizing service delivery to improve efficiency and accessibility.
• Example: Fortis and GE Healthcare tele-ICU in India.

Case Study 2: Overcoming Human Resource Constraints through Innovative Workforce Models in Sub-Saharan Africa

• Innovation Type: Operating model change.
• Description: Using community health workers with limited expertise to provide primary care.
• Example: Pesinet child health programmes in Africa.

Case Study 3: Providing Access to Antenatal Ultrasound Care to Rural Communities in Uganda

• Innovation Type: Technology.
• Description: Introducing a medical product that improves access to care in remote areas.
• Example: Antenatal ultrasound screening in rural Uganda.

Case Study 4: Reducing Maternal and Newborn Mortality through Simple and Inexpensive Disruptive Product Innovation

• Innovation Type: Technology.
• Description: Using simple, cost-effective medical technologies to improve outcomes.
• Example: Philips Healthcare Infant Warmer.

Case Study 5: Closing Gaps in Immunization Coverage through Better Data Management in Sub-Saharan Africa

• Innovation Type: Information.
• Description: Leveraging data to improve immunization programs and outcomes.
• Example: RSBY biometric smart card in India.

Conclusion

The initiative "Leapfrogging in the Health Systems of Emerging Economies: Transformation Towards Sustainability" aims to identify insights and develop strategies for emerging economies to build sustainable, high-quality, and accessible health systems. The paper highlights the importance of rehumanizing health and adopting a holistic, coordinated approach to policy and innovation. It also suggests that leapfrogging can extend to developed economies through reverse innovation.

Leapfrogging is not just about catching up with developed economies but about creating a more efficient, sustainable, and individual-centered health system. The paper serves as an initial report on the initiative's progress and outlines the path forward for implementing leapfrogging strategies.