斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所-Trends-in-international-arms-transfers-2013_8页_303kb

Summary of Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2013

Core Content

The document outlines the trends in international arms transfers from 2009 to 2013, comparing them to the previous period (2004–2008). It highlights the major exporters and importers, regional patterns, and specific cases of arms transfers to countries in conflict.

Main Exporters (2009–13)

• The top five exporters were the United States, Russia, Germany, China, and France, collectively accounting for 74% of global arms exports.
• The United States increased its exports by 11%, delivering arms to at least 90 countries. Asia and Oceania received 47% of its deliveries, followed by the Middle East (28%) and Europe (16%).
• Russia saw a 28% increase in exports, with India, China, and Algeria as the top recipients. Russia also dominated ship exports, delivering 27% of global ship exports.
• Germany experienced a 24% decrease in exports but remained the third largest exporter. It was the largest exporter of submarines, delivering 8 submarines to 5 countries.
• China increased its arms exports by 212%, with Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar as the main clients. China emerged as the fourth largest exporter, surpassing France.
• France saw a 30% decline in exports, but its main clients included China, India, and Morocco. It also supplied 49 Mirage 2000-5 combat aircraft and 6 Scorpene submarines to India.
• United Kingdom was the fourth largest exporter, with Saudi Arabia as its main client.

Main Importers (2009–13)

• The top five importers were India, China, Pakistan, UAE, and Saudi Arabia, collectively receiving 32% of all arms imports.
• India was the largest importer, receiving 14% of global arms imports. It relied heavily on Russia (75%), USA (7%), and Israel (6%).
• China increased its arms imports by 11%, with Russia (64%), France (15%), and Ukraine (11%) as its main suppliers.
• Pakistan received 54% of its arms from China and 27% from the USA.
• UAE and Saudi Arabia were the fourth and fifth largest importers, respectively, with the USA and UK as their main suppliers.
• Sub-Saharan Africa saw a 53% increase in arms imports, with Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan as the top importers. Sudan and Uganda had significant increases in arms imports, with Uganda seeing a 1200% increase.

Regional Trends

• Asia and Oceania received the largest share of arms imports (47%), followed by the Middle East (19%), Europe (14%), Americas (10%), and Africa (9%).
• Africa experienced a 53% increase in arms imports, with Algeria (36%), Morocco (22%), and Sudan (9%) as the main importers. Sudan and Uganda saw substantial increases in their arms imports.
• Americas saw a 10% increase in arms imports, but its share of global imports dropped from 11% to 10%.
• Europe saw a 25% decrease in arms imports, with the UK, Azerbaijan, and Greece as the top importers. Many European states opted for second-hand weapons due to economic constraints.
• Middle East arms imports remained relatively stable, with UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey as the top recipients. The USA supplied 42% of the region's arms, while Iran received only 1% due to UN sanctions.

Key Trends and Issues

• SIPRI uses a five-year moving average to measure trends in arms transfers, as annual data can be volatile.
• China has become a major arms supplier, especially to Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, due to its growing military technology.
• Russia continues to be a key supplier, especially to India and China, and is the largest supplier of ships.
• The Middle East is increasingly investing in missiles and guided bombs, with Israel, Saudi Arabia, and UAE receiving large quantities.
• Uganda and Sudan were heavily involved in military interventions, using arms acquired from Russia and Ukraine.
• Submarines are becoming a priority for several Asian countries, including India, South Korea, and Australia.

Box Highlights

• Box 1: The SIPRI Arms Transfers Database is a comprehensive and consistent resource for tracking arms transfers since 1950.
• Box 2: Sub-Saharan African states have started to modernize their naval capabilities, with Nigeria, Ghana, and Kenya acquiring patrol vessels.
• Box 3: Asian states are increasingly acquiring submarines, with India, South Korea, and Singapore being notable examples.
• Box 4: European countries are turning to second-hand weapons due to economic constraints, including Romania, Croatia, Poland, and Finland.
• Box 5: Middle Eastern states are investing heavily in missiles and guided bombs, particularly Israel, Saudi Arabia, and UAE.

Conclusion

The period from 2009 to 2013 saw a 14% increase in international arms transfers compared to the previous five years. The USA and Russia dominated the export market, while India, China, and Pakistan were the top importers. Asia and Oceania received the largest share of arms imports, and submarines and missiles were key acquisitions in several regions. SIPRI provides critical data and analysis to understand these trends and their implications for global security.