2010年-世界发展银行全球_Monitoring_Environmental_Sustainability___Trends_Challenges_and_the_Way_Forward_67页_1mb

2010 World Bank Group Environment Strategy Summary

Core Content

This report, authored by Giovanni Ruta and published by the World Bank Group Environment Department in December 2010, outlines the global environmental and natural resource challenges expected over the coming two decades and evaluates the current state of environmental monitoring. It emphasizes the importance of data and indicators in guiding effective environmental policy and development strategies, and provides recommendations for improving monitoring systems at both national and global levels.

Main Environmental Challenges

The report identifies several major environmental challenges that are expected to intensify over the next 20 years:

• Air Pollution: Emissions from transport and energy supply are expected to drive significant increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Black carbon and particulate matter from anthropogenic fuel combustion will deteriorate urban air quality.
• Water Scarcity and Access: Water stress is expected to severely impact regions, and insufficient sewerage systems will exacerbate the lack of clean water. Access to improved water sources is limited, especially in rural areas and Sub-Saharan Africa.
• Land and Soil Degradation: Land cultivation areas will increase by 10% between 2005 and 2030, doubling soil erosion risk globally.
• Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Deforestation in the tropics continues, albeit at a declining rate, and is driven by agricultural expansion.
• Biodiversity Loss: Declining biodiversity and ocean acidification are critical concerns, with the potential for irreversible ecological damage.
• Natural Disasters: These are expected to worsen due to environmental degradation and climate change.
• Climate Change: GHG emissions are a primary driver of climate change, which threatens development and sustainability.

Key Issues in Environmental Monitoring

The report highlights significant challenges in environmental data collection and monitoring:

• Indoor Air Pollution: There is a lack of data and indicators to measure the health impacts, particularly for different demographic groups.
• Urban Air Pollution: Sub-national data is limited, and extrapolation to the national level often relies on models, which vary in quality.
• Water Quality: There is limited comparable data on water quality at the regional and sub-national levels.
• Land and Soil Degradation: Monitoring initiatives are often limited in scope and duration.
• Forests: Limited data exists on forest degradation, especially in terms of its impact on ecosystems and human well-being.
• Biodiversity: There are no comprehensive databases to assess the overall health of ecosystems or their value to human well-being and economic production.

Data and Indicator Gaps

The report stresses the need for better data and indicators to inform environmental policy and decision-making. It identifies the following as key areas requiring improvement:

• Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution: Data on the dose-response function and demographic impacts is lacking.
• Water and Sanitation: Data on water quality and sanitation access is insufficient, especially in developing countries.
• Land and Ecosystems: Monitoring systems are not robust enough to capture long-term trends and impacts.
• Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: There is a lack of data on ecosystem health and its contribution to livelihoods and the economy.

Recommendations for Monitoring Improvement

The report proposes four key areas for action to enhance environmental monitoring:

1. Application of ICTs for Environmental Management:

   • Promote the use of web-based technologies and service-oriented architecture to improve access to global data sets.
   • Advocate for open standards to ensure interoperability and usability of data across platforms.
   • Invest in high-speed internet access to enable data collection and sharing.
   • Utilize battery-operated data collection devices that can transmit information via wireless or satellite.

2. Private Sector Involvement:

   • Encourage the private sector to adopt environmental monitoring standards and report on environmental, social, and governance performance.
   • Leverage the IFC's role in setting environmental standards and promoting transparency through partnerships with organizations like the Global Reporting Initiative.

3. Development of Wealth Accounting:

   • Strengthen national and international efforts to account for environmental assets, including natural capital.
   • Collect data on the costs of resource extraction and the benefits of environmental services to livelihoods and the economy.
   • Introduce the concept of the 'saving gap' to measure the required increase in savings to maintain wealth per capita amid population growth.

4. Linking Project- and National-Level Indicators:

   • Develop a consistent monitoring system that aggregates project-level data to a national level.
   • Improve the integration of environmental indicators into national development strategies to ensure coherence and effectiveness.

Status and Trends of the Global Environment

• Population Growth: The global population is expected to grow from 6.09 billion in 2000 to 8.2 billion in 2030, with the fastest growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
• Urbanization: Urban areas will expand significantly, with 60% of the global population expected to live in cities by 2030. This will increase pressure on the environment and human health.
• Energy and Resource Use: Energy demand will rise due to population and economic growth, with resource extraction expected to increase to 80 billion tonnes by 2020.
• Waste Generation: Non-OECD countries will produce 70% of the world's municipal waste by 2030. Waste management practices, such as landfill disposal, remain widespread.

Conclusion

The report underscores the urgency of addressing environmental challenges through improved monitoring and data collection. It calls for stronger institutional frameworks, better integration of environmental data into development planning, and increased collaboration between public and private sectors. The World Bank Group is encouraged to play a leading role in advancing the monitoring agenda and supporting countries in achieving environmentally sustainable development.