2013年-世界发展银行全球_Urban_Sanitation_Review___Indonesia_Country_Study_68页_1mb

Indonesia Country Study on Urban Sanitation

Core Content

This report is part of the East Asia and Pacific Region Urban Sanitation Review and provides an in-depth analysis of Indonesia's urban sanitation sector. It outlines the current status, challenges, and recommendations for improving urban wastewater management and sanitation services.

Main Points

1. Overview of the Urban Wastewater Management Sector

• Population and Need: Almost half of Indonesia's 245 million population lives in urban areas, with a rapidly growing demand for safe wastewater management.
• Current Practices: Most urban households and businesses use septic tanks for wastewater disposal. Water-flush toilets are common, but only about 14% of urban dwellers practice open defecation.
• Sanitation Coverage: In 2010, 73% of urban residents had access to improved sanitation, but this does not account for safe wastewater and septage management, which is only 1% and 4%, respectively.
• Policy Reforms: Since 2000, the central government, coordinated by BAPPENAS, has implemented reforms aligned with decentralization, transferring responsibility for sanitation to local governments.
• Key Initiatives:
  • Establishment of the Acceleration of Urban Sanitation Development Program (PPSP) to support citywide sanitation planning.
  • 240 cities and regencies have developed City Sanitation Strategies (SSK) by mid-2012.
  • 1700 DEWATS systems have been constructed, with 4000 planned by 2015.
  • 32 million people in 16 cities are expected to be covered by centralized sewerage systems.
  • National government expenditure on sanitation increased eightfold between 2006 and 2012.
  • AKKOPSI, established in 2011, includes over 200 cities, with a commitment to allocate at least 2% of their budget to sanitation.

2. Sector Performance Issues

• Wastewater Treatment: Only 115 million liters per day (MLD) of urban wastewater is treated, representing just 1% of total production. Despite 150 septage treatment plants, only 4% of septage is treated.
• Urban Poor Disproportionately Affected: The urban poor suffer more from poor sanitation due to limited coping mechanisms. Open defecation remains at 14% in urban communities.
• Governance Challenges: Local government governance for sanitation is underdeveloped, with no clear service provider or regulatory body.
• Centralized Systems: Development of centralized sewerage systems has been problematic, with low connection rates and poor utilization of treatment plants.
• DEWATS Limitations: While DEWATS systems are well-received, they face issues with sustainability, technical expertise, and scalability. Revenue from customer fees is often insufficient to cover costs.

3. Sector Analysis

B.1 People Aspects

• Public awareness of the health and environmental benefits of comprehensive wastewater management is limited.
• Wastewater management is often seen as a private responsibility, leading to household investments in septic tanks but reluctance to pay for community-wide services.
• Capacity constraints exist at all levels, with a need for more comprehensive training and technical support.

B.2 Technology

• DEWATS systems are suitable for various socio-economic and topographic areas, but their long-term sustainability and scalability are questionable.
• The PPSP program offers options like MCK+ and simplified sewer systems, which are more adaptable to conventional networks.
• In areas where conventional sewerage is difficult to provide, on-site solutions should be developed.

B.3 Governance

• The decision-making process has been sub-optimal, leading to slow progress in sanitation development.
• Evidence-based analysis is needed to create demand for sanitation at all levels.
• A phased approach is recommended to link wastewater with drainage and solid waste systems.
• Effective partnerships between governments, civil society, and communities are essential.
• Public communication and awareness campaigns should be used to highlight the risks and benefits of poor sanitation.

B.4 Finance

• Both national and local government budgets for sanitation have increased since 2010, but the needs remain large.
• A total of USD29 billion is estimated to be required over 20 years to achieve full sanitation coverage.
• Cost recovery from centralized and DEWATS systems is poor, and alternative tariff structures like "polluters pay" should be considered.
• Central government needs to develop a public expenditure framework and assist local governments in accessing finance.

Key Recommendations

1. Policy Recommendations

• Develop a comprehensive policy framework for sanitation, including legal and regulatory mechanisms.
• Encourage the implementation of "polluters pay" principles through appropriate tariff structures.

2. Institutional Recommendations

• Establish a clear institutional framework for wastewater management, separating the roles of Owner, Service Provider, and Regulator.
• Create a Service Delivery Organization (SDO) at the local level, autonomous from government, with a performance agreement.

3. Technology Recommendations

• Continue the DEWATS program in areas where centralized systems are not viable, but with consideration of cost, effluent quality, and O&M constraints.
• Focus future DEWATS development on decentralized systems connected to sewerage networks rather than on MCKs.

4. People Recommendations

• Increase community awareness and promote behavior change through targeted campaigns.
• Develop charging mechanisms that encourage households to pay for septage management and wastewater treatment services.

5. Financing Recommendations

• Central government should develop a well-defined public expenditure framework and financing policy.
• Provide technical assistance to local governments for accessing finance.
• Redirect central government funding to prioritize centralized systems in highly urbanized and low-income areas.
• Local governments should primarily finance DEWATS systems.

Summary of Key Issues and Recommendations