2016年-世界发展银行全球_Financial_Requirements_of_Urban_Sanitation_in_India___An_Exploratory_Analysis_28页_285kb

报告摘要

Summary of "Financial Requirements of Urban Sanitation in India"

Core Content

This document presents an exploratory analysis of the financial requirements for urban sanitation in India, focusing on the transition from onsite to sewer-based sanitation systems and the associated investment and operational needs. The study is based on data from 2006–2011 and models the likely changes in urban sanitation up to 2031, considering population growth, wastewater generation, and sanitation technology adoption.

Main Objectives

To estimate the financial requirements for urban sanitation services from 2013 to 2032.
To model the likely changes in household sanitation arrangements and wastewater treatment infrastructure.
To examine the implications of transitioning to a sewer network-based sanitation system.
To provide a basis for planning and policy development in the urban sanitation sector.

Key Findings and Viewpoints

1. Urban Growth and Sanitation Challenges

India's urban population is expected to more than double by 2031.
Current sanitation infrastructure is inadequate, with less than a third of households connected to sewerage networks.
About 47% of urban households rely on onsite sanitation (septic tanks and pit latrines), and 12.6% still practice open defecation.
Poorly maintained public and community toilets contribute to the problem.
Wastewater treatment infrastructure is underdeveloped, with only 30% of required capacity installed and low utilization.

2. Financial Requirements

The model estimates total capital and operating expenditure for urban sanitation over the 2012–32 period.
Total Capital Investment: INR 5,193.17 billion.
Total Operating Expenditure: INR 2,647.66 billion.
Support Costs: INR 612.81 billion, including Information, Education and Communication (IEC), administration, and project management.

3. Investment Breakdown by Sector

Category	Capital Investment (INR billion)
Community sanitation	130,557
Wastewater collection and treatment	3,019,268
Septage collection and treatment	463,314
Household investments	1,580,034
Total Capital Investment	5,193,172

Category	Operating Expenditure (INR billion)
Community sanitation	139,567
Wastewater collection and treatment	2,496,999
Septage collection and treatment	11,096
Total Operating Expenditure	2,647,662

Category	Support Costs (INR billion)
IEC campaign, administration, etc.	612,811
Total Support Costs	612,811

4. Phasing of Investment

The model divides the investment into four five-year periods: 2013–17, 2018–22, 2023–27, and 2028–32.
Capital investment peaks in the second five-year period (2018–22), while operating costs increase gradually over time.
The transition from onsite to sewer-based sanitation is expected to reduce the number of households using onsite systems to about a third by 2031.
Wastewater collection and treatment capacity is projected to increase to 74% and 86% of generated volumes, respectively.

5. Sanitation Technologies and Transition

The model assumes a mix of sanitation technologies based on historical trends.
The household-sanitation-transition (HST) matrix is used to estimate the proportion of households adopting different technologies.
The transition from pit latrines to septic tanks and then to sewer connections is modeled based on the observed trends in 2006–2011 data.

6. Policy Context

The Government of India launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in 2005 and the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) in 2008 to improve urban sanitation.
The NUSP emphasizes a citywide, demand-responsive, and participatory approach to sanitation service delivery.
The High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC) estimated the total investment needs for urban infrastructure, with a focus on sanitation.

7. Data and Methodology

The model uses 2006–2011 data on urban sanitation arrangements and unit cost data from WSP and JNNURM projects.
It incorporates wastewater generation and treatment data, and considers septage management as a critical component.
The model assumes increased adoption of sewer-based systems and decreased reliance on onsite systems over time.

Key Information

Population Growth: Urban population is projected to grow at an annual rate of 3.2% during 2001–2011 and is expected to continue at a similar pace.
Sanitation Transition: The model assumes that 32.7% of households will be connected to sewer networks by 2031, with a corresponding decline in onsite sanitation use.
Wastewater Management: Wastewater collection and treatment capacity is expected to reach 74% and 86% of generated volumes, respectively, by 2031.
Household Investment: About 30% of total capital investment is expected to come from the household sector.
Support Costs: Approximately 12% of capital investments are allocated for behavior change, administration, and project management.

Conclusion and Next Steps

The model estimates the financial requirements for urban sanitation in India over the 2012–32 period, highlighting the need for substantial investment in infrastructure and operations.
The transition to a sewer-based system is expected to be gradual, with a significant portion of the population continuing to rely on onsite systems.
The study emphasizes the importance of behavior change initiatives, community engagement, and institutional support in achieving sustainable urban sanitation outcomes.
The findings can guide policy and programmatic interventions, particularly in the context of the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) and JNNURM.

References

Data Sources: Census of India 2011, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2006), World Bank, McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), and the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO).
Supporting Organizations: Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CHEEPO), Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), and Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD).

Annexes and Supporting Information

Annex 1: Unit costs taken in the model.
Annex 2: A brief comparison with alternate projections.
List of Tables: Includes investment requirements for urban sanitation and distribution of sanitation facilities.
List of Figures: Includes trends in latrine access and projected wastewater volumes.