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India Transforming to a Net-Zero Emissions Energy System: A Call to Action to 2030

India is poised to lead global energy transition efforts, with a target to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. This report outlines India's potential to decarbonize its energy system while balancing economic growth, energy security, and environmental sustainability. Key insights include:

• Introduction: India's rapid economic growth and vulnerability to climate change necessitate urgent action. The country has made progress, such as achieving its 40% non-fossil electricity target ahead of schedule, but must accelerate efforts to meet long-term goals.

• Global Context: The energy landscape is shifting due to a "security mindset," with competition over resources driving a competitive rather than collaborative energy transition. Scenarios like Shell's show that while emissions may peak earlier, decarbonization can be accelerated by prioritizing domestic energy sources.

• Sector-Specific Decarbonization: Landmark changes are needed across all energy end-uses:

  • Power: Coal dependency must decline; renewable electrification and hydrogen deployment are critical. Natural gas may serve as a transitional fuel.
  • Transport: Electrification of passenger vehicles is growing, but heavy transport relies on low-carbon fuels like hydrogen and biofuels. EV charging infrastructure needs expansion.
  • Industry: Energy efficiency and circular economy models are essential for growth. Low-carbon fuels like hydrogen can decarbonize heavy industries.
  • Buildings: Electrification and efficiency improvements are needed for lighting, heating, and cooking. Addressing residential cooking challenges is key.
  • Agriculture: Solar and electric pumps, along with biofuels, can reduce emissions while improving energy access.

• Carbon Removals: Technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) and natural sinks (forests, wetlands) will offset residual emissions. India has set ambitious afforestation targets.

• Investments: $160 billion annual investment to 2030 is mandatory for the energy transition. This decade will set the foundation for low-carbon manufacturing, hydrogen economy, and carbon markets.

• Economic Growth: The transition creates business opportunities, reduces energy imports, and could position India as a global leader.

• Just Transition: Managing impacts on coal-dependent regions, reskilling workers, and ensuring equitable access to energy are crucial.

• Call to Action: Ten policy priorities include bolstering hydrogen, bioenergy, infrastructure, carbon removal, circular economy, and skills development.

Report by Shell and TERI, August 2023.