世界银行-通过动态TVET培养坦桑尼亚青年的技能：世界银行坦桑尼亚大陆政策说明（英）-2023-52页_3mb

Summary of World Bank Policy Note: Developing Skills for Tanzanian Youth Through Dynamic TVET

Executive Summary

Tanzania's youth face challenges in entering the labor market due to limited employable skills. The country has a National Skills Development Strategy (NSDS) since 2016, aiming to reform TVET and align training with labor market demands. However, reforms need scaling up to generate significant impact. Key challenges include low TVET coverage (GER of 2.5%), quality issues, informal dominance, and financing gaps. Recommendations focus on improving coordination, access, industry linkages, performance-based financing, and sustainable funding mechanisms.

Key Challenges

• Economic Context: Agriculture dominates (62% of labor force), formal employment is low (14.0%), and informal employment is high (73% in Dar es Salaam). Youth unemployment slightly increased.
• TVET System: Coverage is limited (500,000 enrolled, GER 2.5%), with male-dominated enrollment improving slightly. Quality is poor, as seen in low completion rates (e.g., engineering <50%) and weak industry links. Financing includes government budget increases, development partners, and the 4% Skills Development Levy (SDL), but efficiency is low.

Recommendations

Governance and Coordination

• Strengthen TVET stewardship through an inter-ministerial working group to improve coordination between MOEST and PMO-LYED. Consolidate two skills development funds into one national fund.
• Clarify roles: TVET under MOEST, work-based skills under PMO-LYED.

Access and Equity

• Increase TVET coverage by setting targets for 25-50% of secondary/tertiary enrollment in TVET. Expand FDCs, VTCs, and TCs, and promote private provision.
• Target vulnerable groups with bursaries, fee waivers, and scholarships, especially for girls and agriculture training.

Quality and Relevance

• Align TVET programs with industry needs through occupational standards, industry advisory committees, and tracer studies.
• Develop TVET trainer competency frameworks, industry attachments, and digital resources like VR/AR labs.
• Incorporate RPL and vertical/horizontal pathways in the National Qualifications Framework (NQF).

Financing

• Increase public financing to 10-15% of education expenditure for TVET, using unit-cost-based capitation grants and performance-based funding.
• Optimize SDL usage by refunding employers for training, enhancing student loans for TVET, and reviewing allocation to TVET subsectors.

Quality Assurance and Industry Links

• Strengthen NACTVET as a single regulator, modernize accreditation standards, and integrate industry feedback.
• Promote institutional autonomy, Centers of Excellence, and periodic program assessments to ensure demand-driven programs.

Conclusion

The TVET system can be transformed to be more inclusive, demand-driven, and aligned with labor market needs, supported by policy coherence, investment in quality, and sustainable financing. Stakeholder collaboration and evidence-based reforms are crucial for success.