2007年-世界发展银行全球_Yemen_Poverty_Assessment___Volume_4_Poverty_Profile_70页_21mb

Yemen Poverty Assessment Summary (Volume IV: Poverty Profile)

Core Content

This document presents a comprehensive analysis of poverty in Yemen, focusing on the relationship between education, employment, and poverty status across different areas and demographics. It includes various tables that break down educational attainment, poverty measurements, working status, and other socio-economic indicators in 2005 and 1998.

Main Findings

Educational Attainment and Poverty Status

• Urban Areas (2005):

  • Non-Poor Individuals: A higher proportion of individuals completed higher levels of education compared to the poor.
    • Illiterate: 22.2%
    • Read and Write: 34.1%
    • Basic Education: 12.3%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 7.9%
    • Secondary: 14.5%
    • Intermediate: 2.1%
    • University and More: 6.8%
  • Poor Individuals: Lower educational attainment was observed.
    • Illiterate: 29.8%
    • Read and Write: 43.2%
    • Basic Education: 9.8%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 6.1%
    • Secondary: 8.8%
    • Intermediate: 0.8%
    • University and More: 1.4%
  • All Urban Individuals: The overall distribution of education levels shows a similar pattern, with a higher proportion of individuals having higher education levels.

• Rural Areas (2005):

  • Non-Poor Individuals: Illiteracy rates were higher, but the proportion of individuals with basic education was relatively higher.
    • Illiterate: 47.5%
    • Read and Write: 32.7%
    • Basic Education: 7.3%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 4.2%
    • Secondary: 6.1%
    • Intermediate: 1.0%
    • University and More: 1.3%
  • Poor Individuals: Illiteracy rates were even higher, with fewer individuals completing higher levels of education.
    • Illiterate: 49.7%
    • Read and Write: 34.4%
    • Basic Education: 5.7%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 4.2%
    • Secondary: 4.8%
    • Intermediate: 0.5%
    • University and More: 0.7%
  • All Rural Individuals: A higher proportion of individuals were illiterate, with fewer completing higher education.

• All Yemen (2005):

  • Non-Poor Individuals: A smaller proportion of individuals were illiterate, with a higher proportion completing higher education.
    • Illiterate: 38.7%
    • Read and Write: 33.2%
    • Basic Education: 9.1%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 5.5%
    • Secondary: 9.0%
    • Intermediate: 1.4%
    • University and More: 3.2%
  • Poor Individuals: A significantly higher proportion were illiterate.
    • Illiterate: 46.2%
    • Read and Write: 35.9%
    • Basic Education: 6.4%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 4.5%
    • Secondary: 5.5%
    • Intermediate: 0.6%
    • University and More: 0.8%

Poverty Measurements by Education Levels (2005)

• Urban Areas:

  • Illiterate: 26.38% were in poverty (P0r), 6.04% in P1, and 2.08% in P2.
  • Read and Write: 25.27% in P0r, 5.54% in P1, and 1.82% in P2.
  • Basic Education: 17.56% in P0r, 3.75% in P1, and 1.23% in P2.
  • Diploma Before Secondary: 17.30% in P0r, 3.32% in P1, and 1.05% in P2.
  • Secondary: 13.92% in P0r, 2.74% in P1, and 0.82% in P2.
  • Intermediate: 9.57% in P0r, 0.32% in P1, and 0.19% in P2.
  • University and More: 5.32% in P0r, 0.75% in P1, and 0.19% in P2.

• Rural Areas:

  • Illiterate: 41.78% in P0r, 11.68% in P1, and 4.62% in P2.
  • Read and Write: 41.95% in P0r, 11.01% in P1, and 3.42% in P2.
  • Basic Education: 34.85% in P0r, 8.61% in P1, and 2.36% in P2.
  • Diploma Before Secondary: 40.58% in P0r, 10.11% in P1, and 2.53% in P2.
  • Secondary: 35.37% in P0r, 8.06% in P1, and 1.80% in P2.
  • Intermediate: 27.24% in P0r, 5.97% in P1, and 1.12% in P2.
  • University and More: 27.58% in P0r, 5.82% in P1, and 1.91% in P2.

• All Yemen:

  • Illiterate: 39.22% in P0r, 10.75% in P1, and 4.20% in P2.
  • Read and Write: 36.88% in P0r, 9.35% in P1, and 3.42% in P2.
  • Basic Education: 27.62% in P0r, 6.57% in P1, and 2.36% in P2.
  • Diploma Before Secondary: 30.84% in P0r, 7.27% in P1, and 2.53% in P2.
  • Secondary: 24.83% in P0r, 5.45% in P1, and 1.80% in P2.
  • Intermediate: 18.68% in P0r, 3.73% in P1, and 1.12% in P2.
  • University and More: 12.25% in P0r, 2.32% in P1, and 0.73% in P2.

Working Status and Poverty

• Urban Individuals (2005):

  • Non-Poor: A higher proportion were wage workers not in agriculture, self-employed not in agriculture, and unemployed.
    • Wage Worker in Agriculture: 0.69%
    • Wage Worker not in Agriculture: 24.72%
    • Self-Employed in Agriculture: 1.57%
    • Self-Employed not in Agriculture: 9.93%
    • Other Work: 1.10%
    • Unemployed: 8.18%
    • Out of Labor Force: 53.80%
  • Poor: Lower employment rates were observed, with a higher proportion being unemployed and out of the labor force.
    • Wage Worker in Agriculture: 1.75%
    • Wage Worker not in Agriculture: 21.38%
    • Self-Employed in Agriculture: 1.43%
    • Self-Employed not in Agriculture: 7.89%
    • Other Work: 0.92%
    • Unemployed: 11.05%
    • Out of Labor Force: 55.58%

• Rural Individuals (2005):

  • Non-Poor: Higher proportions were self-employed in agriculture and out of the labor force.
    • Wage Worker in Agriculture: 2.78%
    • Wage Worker not in Agriculture: 12.88%
    • Self-Employed in Agriculture: 16.26%
    • Self-Employed not in Agriculture: 5.90%
    • Other Work: 0.90%
    • Unemployed: 5.28%
    • Out of Labor Force: 56.01%
  • Poor: Even lower employment rates, with a higher proportion being unemployed and out of the labor force.
    • Wage Worker in Agriculture: 3.96%
    • Wage Worker not in Agriculture: 13.68%
    • Self-Employed in Agriculture: 12.87%
    • Self-Employed not in Agriculture: 3.96%
    • Other Work: 0.80%
    • Unemployed: 8.25%
    • Out of Labor Force: 56.48%

Changes in Educational Attainment (1998 vs. 2005)

• Urban Areas (1998):

  • Non-Poor: A higher proportion of individuals were illiterate, with a lower proportion completing higher education.
    • Illiterate: 32.03%
    • Read and Write: 22.09%
    • Basic Education: 21.29%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 1.45%
    • Secondary: 14.67%
    • Intermediate: 2.17%
    • University and More: 6.31%
  • Poor: Similar trends but with slightly higher illiteracy rates.
    • Illiterate: 36.15%
    • Read and Write: 26.98%
    • Basic Education: 23.21%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 1.38%
    • Secondary: 9.79%
    • Intermediate: 0.78%
    • University and More: 1.71%

• Rural Areas (1998):

  • Non-Poor: A significantly higher proportion of individuals were illiterate.
    • Illiterate: 62.36%
    • Read and Write: 20.71%
    • Basic Education: 10.58%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 0.63%
    • Secondary: 4.14%
    • Intermediate: 0.84%
    • University and More: 0.73%
  • Poor: Even higher illiteracy rates, with fewer completing higher education.
    • Illiterate: 65.66%
    • Read and Write: 19.08%
    • Basic Education: 10.93%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 0.40%
    • Secondary: 2.94%
    • Intermediate: 0.63%
    • University and More: 0.35%

• All Yemen (1998):

  • Non-Poor: A higher proportion of individuals were illiterate.
    • Illiterate: 53.84%
    • Read and Write: 21.10%
    • Basic Education: 13.59%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 0.86%
    • Secondary: 7.10%
    • Intermediate: 1.22%
    • University and More: 2.30%
  • Poor: A much higher proportion of individuals were illiterate.
    • Illiterate: 59.89%
    • Read and Write: 20.63%
    • Basic Education: 13.34%
    • Diploma Before Secondary: 0.59%
    • Secondary: 4.28%
    • Intermediate: 0.66%
    • University and More: 0.62%

Key Information

• Education and Poverty Correlation: There is a strong negative correlation between educational attainment and poverty status. Higher education levels are associated with lower poverty rates.
• Urban vs. Rural: Urban areas generally show higher educational attainment and lower poverty rates compared to rural areas.
• Working Status and Poverty: Individuals with no employment or those in lower-income jobs are more likely to be in poverty.
• Demographic Trends: Illiteracy rates are significantly higher among poor individuals, especially in rural areas.
• Comparison Over Time: From 1998 to 2005, there was a slight improvement in educational attainment, but the disparity between non-poor and poor individuals remained pronounced.

Conclusion

The data indicates that education is a critical factor in reducing poverty in Yemen. Urban areas show better educational outcomes and lower poverty rates, while rural areas lag behind in both education and employment. The proportion of individuals in poverty increases with lower educational attainment, highlighting the importance of educational investment in poverty alleviation strategies.