2012年-世界发展银行全球_Policy_and_Sector_Reform_to_Accelerate_Access_to_Improved_Rural_Sanitation_54页_1mb

Summary of "Scaling Up Rural Sanitation: Policy and Sector Reform to Accelerate Access to Improved Rural Sanitation"

Core Content

This report, authored by Fred Rosensweig, Eddy Perez, and Andy Robinson, presents findings from the 2007 to 2010 endline assessments of WSP's Scaling Up Rural Sanitation (TSSM) program in India, Indonesia, and Tanzania. The program aimed to improve access to improved rural sanitation through a combination of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), behavior change communication, and sanitation marketing, while also strengthening the enabling environment for sustainable service delivery.

The report outlines the eight dimensions of the enabling environment framework, which includes:

• Policy, strategy, and direction
• Institutional arrangements
• Program methodology
• Implementation capacity
• Availability of products and services
• Financing and incentives
• Cost-effective implementation
• Monitoring and evaluation

It highlights that while program methodology, implementation capacity, availability of products and services, and monitoring and evaluation showed the most significant progress, other areas like policy, institutional arrangements, financing, and cost-effectiveness remained challenging.

Main Findings by Country

Indonesia

• Policy, strategy, and direction improved significantly, with a national STBM strategy adopted in 2008.
• Institutional arrangements and program methodology showed moderate progress.
• Implementation capacity and availability of products and services improved notably.
• Financing and incentives and cost-effective implementation were still in need of improvement.
• Monitoring and evaluation saw a marked increase in effectiveness, particularly in East Java.

India

• Himachal Pradesh (HP) demonstrated strong progress in all dimensions, especially policy, implementation capacity, availability of products and services, and monitoring and evaluation.
• Madhya Pradesh (MP) lagged behind, as it continued to rely on a supply-driven model and had limited political commitment to demand-responsive approaches.

Tanzania

• The enabling environment was initially very weak in 2007, but showed moderate improvements by 2010.
• Policy, strategy, and direction, institutional arrangements, program methodology, and implementation capacity were still in the low or medium category.
• Financing and incentives, cost-effective implementation, and monitoring and evaluation remained underdeveloped.

Key Insights

• Political commitment is a critical factor in enabling environment development, but it is often difficult to influence directly.
• Local governments can serve as the centerpiece of large-scale rural sanitation programs if they have real authority and financial resources.
• Program methodology and implementation capacity were most responsive to external support.
• Sanitation marketing requires early market research and linking masons to the supply chain.
• Capacity development systems are essential for long-term sustainability but are still underdeveloped in most countries.
• Financing remains a challenge, especially in Indonesia and Tanzania, despite some progress in local allocations.
• Monitoring and evaluation systems are not yet fully functional in most countries, though some short-term strategies are being implemented.

Recommendations

Sequencing of Enabling Environment Interventions

• Interventions should follow a logical sequence: first, develop country-specific models, M&E systems, and local political commitment.
• Then, focus on supply chain development, policy reform, and capacity building.
• The transition from external support to government-led implementation should be gradual and context-specific.

Role of WSP and Other Development Partners

• WSP played a key role in Indonesia and Tanzania, especially in the early stages, due to the lack of internal capacity.
• In India, WSP's role evolved into an advisory and coaching function as local governments gained capacity.
• A sustainable capacity development system is essential for long-term success, and WSP should support this transition.

Recommendations by Dimension

• Policy: Strengthen strategic planning and ensure alignment with political commitment.
• Institutional Arrangements: Establish a clear lead agency and support local governments with adequate resources.
• Program Methodology: Promote demand-responsive approaches and ensure market research is conducted early.
• Implementation Capacity: Build sustainable systems for capacity development and support local government leadership.
• Availability of Products and Services: Develop local supply chains and ensure mason training is aligned with consumer preferences.
• Financing and Incentives: Align national and local financing with strategic sanitation plans and ensure resource utilization.
• Cost-Effective Implementation: Develop standard indicators and systems for data collection to support cost-effectiveness analysis.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: Implement short-term M&E strategies using household surveys, district-level monitoring, and periodic evaluations.

Conclusion

The report concludes that while progress has been made in several areas, the enabling environment for rural sanitation remains a key challenge. The most successful efforts have been in Himachal Pradesh, where strong political will and effective implementation have led to significant improvements. The scaling up of rural sanitation requires a holistic approach, with policy, institutional arrangements, and capacity development being particularly important. The role of external agencies like WSP is to support and guide the process until local governments can take full ownership and sustain the program independently.