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Energy Access Diagnostic Report for Papua New Guinea Based on the Multi-Tier Framework

Core Content

This report provides an analysis of energy access in Papua New Guinea (PNG) using the Multi-Tier Framework (MTF), which evaluates access to electricity and modern energy cooking services (MECS) based on seven key attributes. The findings aim to inform government policies and investment strategies for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7), which focuses on ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all by 2030.

Main Points

Access to Electricity

• Overall Access: About 69% of households in PNG use electricity from off-grid or grid connections.
• Rural vs. Urban: 86.7% of urban households have access to electricity, compared to 67.1% of rural households.
• Grid Connection: Only 13.9% of households have a grid connection, with off-grid solutions being the dominant source (55.1%).
• Solar Usage: Solar lanterns (50.6%) and solar lighting systems (SLS) are the most common off-grid solar solutions.
• Unelectrified Households: 31% of households nationwide have no access to electricity, with a higher proportion in rural areas (32.9%) than in urban areas (13.1%).
• Willingness to Pay: Households not connected to the grid are generally willing to pay for grid access, with higher willingness among female-headed households.
• Affordability: Affordability is a major constraint for households to switch to higher-tier off-grid solar solutions.
• MTF Tiers: About 43% of households have aggregated Tier 1 or higher access to electricity, while 57% are in Tier 0.
• Policy Recommendations: Improving grid reliability, expanding off-grid solar access, and enhancing the affordability and quality of energy services are key areas for policy focus.

Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services

• Cookstove Usage: Over 85% of households use traditional or three-stone stoves, with firewood being the most common fuel (84.7%).
• Clean Fuel Stoves: Only 12.8% of households use clean fuel stoves, with a preference for electric or LPG stoves.
• Urban vs. Rural: Urban households are more likely to use clean fuel stoves (34.8%) than rural ones (10.3%).
• MTF Tier Distribution: Two-thirds of households are in Tier 0 for MECS due to poor ventilation and exposure to emissions. Only 10.3% of rural and 34.8% of urban households are in Tiers 4-5.
• Gender Disparities: Female-headed households are less likely to have access to electricity (54%) and MECS (23%) than male-headed households (74% and 11%, respectively).
• Policy Recommendations: Promoting clean fuel stoves, improving ventilation, and increasing awareness of health and safety benefits are critical for enhancing MECS access.

Key Information

Country Context

• Population: 10,142,619 as of 2022.
• Economic Indicators: PNG's GDP growth rate was 4.6% in 2022, and the unemployment rate was 2.8%.
• Geography and Resources: PNG has diverse geography and natural resources, including gold, copper, nickel, petroleum, and renewable energy sources.
• Energy Infrastructure: The country has three primary grids covering urban centers in Port Moresby, Ramu, and the Gazelle Peninsula.
• SDG7 Target: The government aims to achieve 70% electrification by 2030, with the National Electrification Roll-Out Plan (NEROP) as the main strategy.

Methodology

• Multi-Tier Framework (MTF): A framework that measures energy access based on seven attributes, defining six tiers of access (Tier 0 to Tier 5).
• Data Collection: The survey was conducted using a phone-based method due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Sampling: The survey included 22 provinces in PNG, with a focus on both urban and rural areas.
• Key Attributes:
  • Capacity: Measures the power available to households.
  • Availability: Reflects the consistency of energy supply.
  • Reliability: Assesses the frequency of energy outages.
  • Quality: Evaluates the quality of the electricity supply.
  • Affordability: Considers the cost of energy services.
  • Formality: Refers to the legal status of energy providers.
  • Health and Safety: Focuses on the safety of energy use.

Gender Analysis

• Female-Headed Households: Account for 27% of all households, with a higher proportion in rural areas (28%) than in urban areas (18%).
• Education and Employment: Female heads are less likely to have attended school or be employed, and when employed, they are more likely to have part-time jobs.
• Income Distribution: 50% of female-headed households are in the bottom 40% of income distribution, compared to 40% of male-headed households.
• Willingness to Pay: Female-headed households are more willing to pay for grid access (98%) than male-headed ones (78%).
• Energy Access by Gender: Despite similar MTF tier distributions, male-headed households are more likely to access electricity and MECS due to higher off-grid usage and better ventilation.

Policy Recommendations

Electricity Access

1. Improve Grid Quality: Enhance the reliability and quality of electricity supply from the grid.
2. Expand Off-Grid Solar Solutions: Promote the use of certified solar products to improve affordability and quality.
3. Support PAYGo Schemes: Encourage pay-as-you-go models to make solar energy more accessible.
4. Implement Least-Cost Electrification Planning: Use geospatial data to determine the most cost-effective energy solutions.
5. Ensure Effective Implementation of NEROP: Prioritize investments in on-grid, mini-grid, and off-grid solutions to balance early successes with institutional development.

Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS)

1. Promote Clean Fuel Stoves: Encourage the use of electric and LPG stoves to reduce reliance on firewood.
2. Improve Ventilation: Enhance ventilation in cooking spaces to improve the Exposure Tier.
3. Increase Awareness: Educate households on the health and safety benefits of clean cooking solutions.
4. Support Affordability: Develop programs to reduce the cost of clean fuel stoves and increase access to them.
5. Address Gender Gaps: Implement targeted policies to improve access for female-headed households, including education and employment support.

Conclusion

The report highlights the critical role of energy access in human development and economic growth, emphasizing the need for a multi-tiered approach to address disparities in electricity and MECS access. It underscores the importance of policy and investment strategies that consider both economic and social factors, particularly gender disparities, to ensure inclusive and sustainable energy development in PNG.