《空气质量行动》全球报告（英）-60页_7mb

Summary of "Actions on Air Quality: A Global Summary of Policies and Programmes to Reduce Air Pollution"

Core Content

This report, published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 2021, provides a comprehensive global overview of policies and programmes aimed at reducing air pollution. It builds on the 2016 UNEP report titled Actions on Air Quality and is based on survey data collected in 2020, supplemented with relevant literature and regional reports.

Main Objectives

• To assess progress in air quality policy actions across key sectors (industrial emissions, on-road transport, solid waste, household air pollution, and agriculture).
• To evaluate the implementation of non-sectoral air quality management actions, including air quality frameworks, strategies, and monitoring.
• To highlight the importance of policy frameworks and capacities in enabling sectoral measures.
• To support global efforts in improving air quality in line with the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) resolutions.

Key Findings

1. Global Context of Air Pollution

• Air pollution is the single greatest environmental risk factor for premature death globally, following high blood pressure, tobacco, and diet.
• In 2019, over 92% of the world's population lived in areas exceeding WHO air quality guidelines.
• Without policy interventions, PM₂.₅ concentrations are expected to rise by 50% by 2030, severely affecting quality of life and public health.

2. Sectoral Measures

Industrial Emissions

• More countries have adopted incentives for cleaner production, energy efficiency, and pollution abatement.
• Progress is evident in some regions, though data gaps may still affect the accuracy of these findings.

On-Road Transport

• 71 countries now meet the Euro 4/IV vehicle emission standard, an increase from 53 in 2016.
• However, 29 countries still have standards below Euro 4/IV.
• Fuel quality remains a significant challenge, even in countries with updated emission standards.

Solid Waste Management

• The number of countries regulating open burning of solid waste has increased, with 94 countries now having regulations.
• Only 38 of these countries have strict regulations, and open burning is still common in many areas, even where regulations exist.
• Governments are implementing various measures, including landfill gas capture and improved waste collection and disposal.

Residential (Household) Air Pollution

• More countries are adopting clean energy programmes for residential heating and cooking.
• Cleaner fuels and improved access to green technologies are being promoted, with increased use of LPG and low-emission cooking stoves.
• An additional 13 countries now have national clean energy programmes for residential use.

Agricultural Emissions

• Incentives for sustainable agricultural practices are present in 58 countries.
• Measures include alternatives to open burning, improved livestock manure management, and composting.
• Only about a quarter of countries support alternatives to open burning or improved livestock management, and 20% use methane capture for energy.

3. Non-Sectoral Air Quality Management Actions

Air Quality Management Strategies

• More than a quarter of countries have a national air quality management strategy.
• The most common approach is a national air quality action plan, followed by sectoral plans, clean air acts, and other strategies.
• These strategies are often implemented in combination.

Ambient Air Quality Standards

• In 2020, 124 countries (about two-thirds) had ambient air quality standards embedded in legal instruments, up from 107 in 2016.
• Over one-fifth of countries are reviewing or updating these standards, with another fifth planning to introduce them in legislation.

Air Quality Monitoring

• Air quality monitoring is expanding, with many countries using a combination of mobile and stationary reference monitors.
• However, 34 countries lack continuous monitoring, and 104 have no data at all, indicating significant gaps in monitoring infrastructure and data collection.

4. Health and Economic Impacts

• Air pollution is responsible for an estimated 7 million annual deaths globally, including 380,000 infants under one month old.
• The health burden includes conditions such as stroke, heart attack, COPD, lung cancer, ALRI, and type 2 diabetes.
• Additional health effects, such as cognitive decline, dementia, pregnancy loss, and infant mortality, are also linked to air pollution, though not yet fully integrated into global burden estimates.
• The annual global welfare cost of premature deaths from outdoor air pollution is estimated between USD 3 trillion and USD 5.7 trillion in 2016, and is projected to rise to USD 18–25 trillion by 2060.
• The cost of inaction is far higher than the cost of action, which has been shown to be extremely cost-effective, with benefits often exceeding costs by a factor of 30.

5. Challenges and Barriers

• Ineffective implementation and enforcement of policies.
• Limited cooperation between national and city administrations.
• Lack of reliable air quality monitoring networks in many countries.
• Staff retention and capacity gaps.
• Affordability and maintenance challenges of air quality monitoring equipment.
• Systemic challenges such as financing gaps that hinder investment in data analysis and enforcement.

Conclusion

While progress has been made in adopting key air quality policies and actions, significant gaps remain in implementation, enforcement, and monitoring. UNEP continues to track and report on global efforts to improve air quality, aiming to set benchmarks and catalyze support for addressing these challenges. The report underscores the need for integrated policies on air quality and climate, and the importance of aligning fiscal policies to promote cleaner technologies and sustainable practices.