联合国贸易发展委员会-从性别和发展角度看印度尼西亚的贸易和创业（英）-2023-61页_3mb

Report Summary: Trade and Entrepreneurship in Indonesia from a Gender and Development Perspective

Introduction

This report analyzes the nexus between trade and gender equality in Indonesia, focusing on women's economic empowerment and entrepreneurship. It draws on socioeconomic data, sectoral case studies, and policy recommendations to promote gender-responsive trade policies.

Indigenous Economy and Gender Profile

Indonesia, with a population of 275 million, is Southeast Asia's largest economy. Women have parity in education but lower labor force participation (53.4%) compared to men (83.9%). They are concentrated in low-skilled jobs and informal employment. Entrepreneurship shows higher female activity rates, but women-owned firms are smaller and less productive.

Trade Structure

Indonesia recorded a US$54.5 billion trade surplus in 2022, with key exports including coal, palm oil, and garments. Exports are dominated by male-labor-intensive sectors, while services exports are modest, with tourism playing a significant role. Trade liberalization has mixed effects on gender equality.

Women Entrepreneurs and Trade Linkages

• Case Studies: Women face constraints in agriculture (e.g., oil palm sector with gender segregation), industry (e.g., apparel sector with occupational segregation), and services (e.g., tourism with limited access and harassment). E-commerce offers opportunities but is hampered by digital skills gaps.
• Trade Impact: Eases market access but introduces challenges like limited finance and technology access. Women benefit from necessity-driven entrepreneurship but face barriers to growth-oriented ventures.

Policy Recommendations

1. Trade Policy: Integrate gender chapters into trade agreements, conduct gender-impact assessments, and ensure trade-focused capacity-building.
2. Access to Finance: Enhance women's financial inclusion, promote digital banking, and implement targeted credit programs.
3. Access to Markets: Improve market transparency, support women's participation in public procurement, and ease regulatory barriers.
4. Skill Development: Expand digital literacy and sector-specific training, with childcare support to facilitate women's participation.

Conclusions and Implementation Framework

Indonesia requires a multi-pronged approach to leverage trade for gender equality. Strengthening domestic policies, ensuring regulatory reforms, and monitoring implementation gaps are critical. Collaboration between government, private sector, and civil society is essential for women's economic empowerment.

Key Findings

• Trade can enhance women's economic participation but must address structural barriers like access to finance, markets, and skills.
• Gender-sensitive policies at the domestic and international levels are crucial for sustainable gender equality outcomes.