2023-11-01-联合国贸易发展委员会-从性别和发展角度看印度尼西亚的贸易和创业_61页_3mb

Trade and Entrepreneurship in Indonesia: Gender and Development Analysis

Introduction Overview

Indonesia, as the world’s fourth most populous country and largest Southeast Asian economy, faces both opportunities and challenges in advancing gender equality through trade and entrepreneurship. While women’s education levels are comparable to men, lower female labor force participation (53.4%) and income inequality persist. Existing policies, such as the National Financial Inclusion Strategy and cooperative platforms, show progress, but systemic barriers—like limited access to finance, digital skills gaps, and occupational segregation—hinder women’s full participation.

Key Findings

1. Sectoral Gender Inequalities

• Agriculture (Oil Palm Sector): Women face gendered labor segregation (maintenance vs. harvesting), limited access to land ownership/smallholder programs, and gender-based violence, despite contributing to household income. Certification schemes (e.g., ISPO/RSPS) require stronger gender-specific indicators.
• Industry (Textiles, Apparel, Furniture): Women dominate low-skilled, casual employment in textiles (63% of employment), with smaller gender wage gaps than regional averages. However, workplace discrimination, lack of maternity rights, and sexual harassment persist.
• Services (Tourism, Banking): Women face barriers like limited technical education, sexual harassment, and informal work (e.g., street food stalls). Banking and tourism sectors exhibit high occupational segregation, with women concentrated in administrative roles.
• E-commerce: Digital skills disparities and informal participation limit women’s growth in this expanding sector, especially for necessity-based entrepreneurship.

2. Trade Policy Implications

• Indonesia’s exports are dominated by male-intensive sectors (e.g., mining), while female employment heavily relies on services and low-value manufacturing.

3. Persistent Challenges

• Access to Finance: Only 49.3% of women hold formal financial accounts compared to 51.2% of men.
• Skill Development: Digital literacy and technical skills are gendered disadvantages, limiting participation in high-value sectors like ICT.
• Market Access: Women-owned SMEs face regulatory red tape and lack visibility in public procurement processes.

Recommendations

Policy Targets

1. Gender-Sensitive Trade Policy:

   • Integrate gender chapters into trade agreements (e.g., replicate Chile’s public procurement framework).
   • Conduct ex-ante and ex-post gender impact assessments of trade agreements.

2. Financial Inclusion & Accessibility:

   • Expand digitized financial products tailored to women (e.g., digital banking, microloans).
   • Mandate collection of gender-disaggregated data by financial institutions to track women’s access.

3. Market & Certification Access:

   • Reserve public procurement quotas for women-owned SMEs.
   • Incorporate gender-focused criteria into sustainability certification schemes (e.g., oil palm ISPO).

4. Skill Development & Digital Upgrading:

   • Launch nationwide digital literacy programs for women entrepreneurs, leveraging remote learning platforms.
   • Train women in high-value sectors (e.g., creative economy, ICT) to shift from necessity-based to growth-oriented businesses.

5. Monitoring Framework: Establish a national coordination unit for gender-responsive policy implementation, tracking key indicators like women’s employment in exports, financial inclusion rates, and certification scheme efficacy.

Conclusion

Indonesia’s economic trajectory requires addressing gender gaps to unlock productivity, equity, and sustainable development. Strengthening trade policy with a gender lens, enhancing financial inclusion, and fostering skill development are critical next steps for amplifying women’s contributions to Indonesia’s economy.