世界银行-安全食品势在必行：加速中低收入国家的进步（英文）-2018.10-210页-4mb

报告摘要

The Safe Food Imperative: Accelerating Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Core Content

The Safe Food Imperative is a report by the World Bank, authored by Steven Jaffee, Spencer Henson, Laurian Unnevehr, Delia Grace, and Emilie Cassou. It emphasizes the importance of food safety in promoting economic growth, poverty reduction, environmental sustainability, and human health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of food safety management in these countries and outlines strategies for strengthening food safety systems.

Main Viewpoints

Food safety is essential for development: Food safety is crucial for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to ending hunger, reducing poverty, and promoting health and well-being.
Economic and social costs of unsafe food: Unsafe food leads to significant public health burdens, including illness, disability, and premature deaths, and results in substantial productivity losses. In 2016, these losses amounted to approximately US$95 billion in LMICs.
Global burden of foodborne diseases: In 2010, foodborne diseases made 600 million people sick and caused 420,000 premature deaths. LMICs, despite accounting for 41% of the global population, bear 53% of all foodborne illnesses and 75% of related deaths.
Need for systemic change: Food safety is not just a public health issue but also a critical component of economic development. The report calls for sustained investments in prevention, infrastructure, and behavioral change across the entire food value chain.
Shared responsibility: Ensuring safe food is a collective effort involving governments, public agencies, farmers, food businesses, and consumers. It requires coordinated action and the development of coherent national food safety management systems.

Key Information

Food Safety Life Cycle

The report introduces the concept of the Food Safety Life Cycle, which outlines the stages of food production and distribution where safety can be managed. These stages include:

Production
Processing
Distribution
Consumption

Each stage presents unique challenges and opportunities for improving food safety. For example, in production, issues such as contamination from animal sources, poor hygiene, and lack of infrastructure are prevalent. In consumption, the role of consumer awareness and trust in food safety systems is highlighted.

Socioeconomic Impacts of Unsafe Food

Unsafe food leads to health issues, including illness, disability, and premature death.
It results in economic losses, such as reduced productivity and foregone income.
It undermines nutritional security, human development, and international trade.

Evidence on Food Safety Burden

The report provides data on foodborne disease burden by region and hazard group.
It includes case studies such as the Sudan Red Dye scandal in chili powder and Brazil's tainted meat scandal, illustrating the real-world consequences of unsafe food.
The economic burden of foodborne diseases is estimated, showing the significant impact on LMICs.

Status of Food Safety Management in Developing Countries

Food safety capacity varies significantly across LMICs.
Public sector often lacks the resources and infrastructure to manage food safety risks effectively.
Private sector and alternative regulatory approaches are increasingly being considered to complement public efforts.
Smallholder farmers face particular challenges in meeting food safety standards due to limited access to training and resources.

Strategies for Strengthening Food Safety

Policy frameworks need to be more effective and coherent.
Implementation of food safety policies is critical, requiring better coordination and resources.
Incentives and behavioral change are important for improving compliance and safety practices.
Technology and innovation can play a key role in enhancing food safety, such as whole genome sequencing and laboratory testing.
Multisector coordination (e.g., the One Health approach) is essential for addressing complex food safety challenges.

The Way Forward

The report outlines priorities for different stages of the food safety life cycle.
It calls for action from various stakeholders, including governments, businesses, and consumers.
Investment in food safety is necessary to unlock the full potential of LMICs in terms of economic growth and development.

Key Figures and Tables

Figure I.1: Public health, economic, and social outcomes of unsafe food.
Figure B1.3.1: Composition of food expenditures in urban Indonesia, 1998–2013.
Figure B1.3.2: Estimated food demand in Southeast Asia, 2009 and 2030.
Figure 1.2: Food safety life cycle with levels of economic development.
Figure B1.4.1: Link between supermarket penetration and per capita income.
Figure 2.1: Global burden of foodborne disease by hazard group and region, 2010.
Figure 2.2: Foodborne disease burden attributable to animal source foods by region.
Figure 2.3: Productivity loss from foodborne disease by LMIC income group and region, 2016.
Figure 2.4: Productivity loss from foodborne disease by country, 2016.
Figure 2.5: Relative burden of foodborne disease by per capita income, 2010.
Figure 2.6: Rejection rates of fish and fishery product imports to the EU by lower-middle-income countries, 2014–16.
Figure 2.7: Rejection rates of fresh fruit and vegetable imports to the EU by low- and middle-income countries, 2014–16.
Figure 3.1: Food safety management capacities and functions.
Figure 3.2: Cyclical relationship between incentives and level of capacity.
Figure 3.3: Indications of underinvestment in animal product food safety capacity.
Figure 3.4: Animal products-related food safety capacity index by country and region.
Figure 3.5: Animal products-related food safety capacity index versus food safety management capacity need index by income group.
Figure 3.6: Gap between animal-based food safety need and capacity by country and income group.
Figure 3.7: Foodborne disease attributable to animal-based foods among sub-Saharan African countries with adequate vs. inadequate veterinary service funding.
Figure 3.8: Smallholder farmers, agricultural markets, and varied conformity requirements.
Figure 3.9: LMIC exports of high-value foods by product group, 2001–16.
Figure 3.10: High-value LMIC food exports by income group, 2001–16.
Figure 3.11: LMIC high-value food imports by product group, 2001–16.
Figure 4.1: Framework for action on food safety.
Figure 4.2: Reducing noncompliance versus raising compliance.
Table 1.1: Food safety hazards on the farm-to-fork pathway.
Table I.2: Sources of foodborne hazards by stage of the food safety life cycle.
Table 1.3: Structural change and incentives for enhanced food safety action.
Table 2.1: Estimated global burden of disease by food-related hazards.
Table 2.2: Potential market and economy costs from food safety problems.
Table 3.1: Adequacy of finance for national veterinary services.
Table 3.2: Average animal source food DALYs burden by country category and funding adequacy.
Table 3.3: Training and certification in informal markets: selected cases.
Table 3.4: Area of GLOBALG.A.P.-certified fruit and vegetable production by region and income group, 2010 and 2017.
Table 3.5: GLOBALG.A.P.-certified area for fruit and vegetables in LMICs, 2017.
Table 3.6: Organic production area by commodity and country income group, 2017.
Table 3.7: Certified organic fruit and vegetable production area in LMICs, 2017.
Table 3.8: LMIC food businesses registered with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, January 2018.
Table 3.9: Processing facilities approved for chilled and processed fish exports to the European Union.
Table 3.10: Largest LMIC importers of high-value food, 2006 and 2016.
Table 3.11: Scores for applying transparent rules and practices for agri-food imports in middle- and high-income economies.
Table B4.2.1: Comparison of Uruguay's traditional and risk-based inspection approaches.
Table 4.1: Private sector food safety investments and possible constraints.
Table B4.9.1: Case study costs and benefits of compliance.
Table 4.2: Evidence on strategies for aflatoxin control in Kenya's maize market.
Table B4.11.1: Win-win responses to farm food safety challenges.
Table 5.1: Priorities for countries at different stages of the food safety life cycle.

Conclusion

The Safe Food Imperative underscores the importance of food safety in the context of global development. It argues that improving food safety through behavioral change, infrastructure development, and policy reform can lead to healthier populations, stronger economies, and more sustainable food systems. The report provides a roadmap for stakeholders to take action and invest in food safety, emphasizing the need for collaboration, innovation, and sustainable practices to ensure that food is safe for all.

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