2009年-世界发展银行全球_The_Pattern_of_Antidumping_and_Other_Types_of_Contingent_Protection_10页_810kb

Summary of PREmnotes: The Pattern of Antidumping and Other Types of Contingent Protection (October 2009)

I. Newly Initiated Trade Remedy Investigations

• Overview: In the third quarter (3Q) of 2009, 44 new product-level trade remedy investigations were initiated by WTO member governments in response to domestic industry requests for import restrictions.
• Trend: This represents a 52.6% increase compared to 3Q 2008. Cumulatively, the number of requests for protection in the first three quarters of 2009 was 30.3% higher than in the same period in 2008.
• Historical Context: The 2009 increase continues an upward trend, with a 36.4% increase in 2008 compared to 2007.
• Policy Types: The investigations were under antidumping (AD), global safeguards (SG), countervailing duties (CVD), and China-specific safeguards (CSG) laws.
• Geographic Distribution: Developing countries accounted for 68.2% of the new investigations, while developed economies accounted for 31.8%. The top four economies by number of investigations were India (7), Argentina (7), the United States (6), and the European Union (5). Other notable countries included Turkey (3), Brazil, Canada, Pakistan, and Peru (2 each), and eight others (Australia, Chile, China, Croatia, Mexico, Morocco, Ukraine, Vietnam) with one each.

II. Newly Imposed Import-Restricting Trade Remedies

• Overview: In 3Q 2009, WTO members imposed 20 new product-level definitive import restrictions, a slight decrease from 21 in 3Q 2008.
• Trend: The year-to-date count for 2009 was 21.4% higher than in 2008, though 2008 was a low point for definitive measures since 1995.
• Geographic Distribution: Developing countries imposed 75% of the definitive measures, while developed economies imposed 25%. India, Argentina, the United States, Brazil, the European Union, and Turkey were the main countries imposing barriers.
• Targeted Sectors: Machinery, plastics and rubber, textiles and apparel, chemicals, and iron and steel were the most affected sectors. Agriculture, materials, wood, and miscellaneous manufacturers each faced one new measure.

III. Targeted Exporters

• China: China remained the most frequently targeted exporter, facing 23 new product-level investigations in 3Q 2009. It was also targeted in 56.3% of newly imposed definitive import restrictions.
• Other Exporters: The United States (5), Taiwan (4), India (4), and Japan (4) were also frequently targeted. Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand faced more than one new trade remedy.
• Note: In 3Q 2009, China was specifically named in 62.1% of new product-level investigations, a decline from 82.6% in 2Q 2009.

IV. The Share of Investigations Resulting in Trade Barriers

• Trend: Despite a sharp increase in new investigations in 2008, the share of completed investigations resulting in definitive trade barriers decreased in 2Q and 3Q 2009.
• Data Analysis: Only 50% of completed investigations in 3Q 2009 resulted in new trade barriers, compared to over 80% in the previous quarters.
• Reasons for Decline: One possible explanation is that governments are adhering more closely to WTO legal and evidentiary criteria, requiring clear evidence of injury caused by dumped, surging, or subsidized imports before imposing barriers.
• China-Specific Impact: The share of completed investigations involving China's exporters facing definitive barriers was consistently higher than for other developing countries.

V. Key Statistics and Data Sources

• Data Sources: The summary is based on the Global Antidumping Database, which tracks trade remedy investigations across major WTO members.
• Database Version: Version 5.0 of the database was publicly available in October 2009, with version 5.1 expected to be released in late October 2009.
• Coverage: The data includes 25 WTO members for antidumping investigations and 17 for countervailing duties, representing over 90% of all investigations during 1995–2008.
• Notes on Data Collection: AD or CVD investigations against multiple exporters are treated as one product-level investigation. Simultaneous AD and CVD investigations are also considered nonredundant. Global safeguards are excluded from some analyses to focus on specific exporters.

VI. Conclusion

• Key Insight: The use of trade remedy policies, particularly antidumping, remains a significant tool for WTO members to respond to domestic industry pressures.
• China's Role: China continues to be the most targeted exporter, but the rate of targeting has slowed compared to earlier quarters.
• WTO Compliance: The trend suggests that WTO members are increasingly following the legal and evidentiary standards set by the organization, which may explain the lower rate of definitive trade barrier imposition despite a rise in investigations.