2011年-世界发展银行全球_Gender_and_Transport_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa_Region___Case_Studies_from_the_West_Bank_and_Yemen_96页_1mb

Summary of Report No. 54788-MNA: Gender and Transport in the Middle East and North Africa Region

Core Content

This report examines the interaction between gender and transport in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with case studies conducted in the West Bank and Yemen. The study highlights how transport infrastructure and services influence women's access to economic, social, and educational opportunities, and identifies key constraints and recommendations for improving women's mobility in these regions.

Main Objectives

1. To understand how transport infrastructure and services meet women's transport needs and how they affect women's access to resources, markets, training, information, and employment.
2. To identify priority areas for government action to improve women's mobility and enhance their access to economic opportunities, thereby contributing to their economic empowerment.

Methodology

• Area Selection:
  • In the West Bank, the northern governorates (Tulkarem, Nablus, and Jenin) were selected to represent different types of human settlements and mobility challenges.
  • In urban Yemen, nine neighborhoods of Sana'a were selected to reflect different urbanization levels and access to resources.
  • In rural Yemen, villages were chosen based on regional diversity, social norms, economic resources, and road availability.
• Data Collection:
  • Structured questionnaires were administered to randomly selected men and women.
  • Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted with men, women, and transport providers.
  • Transport logs were used to track daily activities and transport usage.
• Data Analysis:
  • Quantitative data was analyzed alongside qualitative testimonies from FGDs.

Conceptual Framework

Transport systems that ignore gender-specific needs fail to adequately serve women. Women often have limited control over resources and private transport, leading them to rely on public transport. However, due to social norms and cultural constraints, women's access to transport is frequently limited. Poor families, especially in rural areas, are more affected by inadequate transport infrastructure and services, restricting women's ability to access better opportunities.

Key Findings

1. The Special Case of Rural Yemen

• Social Constraints: Women's mobility is heavily restricted by social norms, which limit their access to motorized transport and require male accompaniment.
• Transport Means: Women mainly use non-motorized transport (e.g., walking, donkeys) for daily chores. Motorized transport is only used for health emergencies.
• Impact of Roads: Rural roads improve access to essential services (schools, health centers) and increase household income. Women in villages with roads have better access to education and mother and child care.
• Transport Costs: Women face higher transport costs due to the need for special seating arrangements or male accompaniment. 70% of women find transport costs too high, and 65% are unwilling to pay for them.
• Recommendations:
  • Sustain efforts to provide rural roads.
  • Promote non-motorized transport options.
  • Use schools, media, and mosques to change social norms and promote women's mobility.

2. Interaction between Transport Infrastructure and Women's Access in Urban Yemen and the West Bank

• Transport Usage: Women in both regions rely on walking and public transport due to limited access to private and intermediary transport means.
• West Bank:
  • Public transport covers over 70% of women's transport needs.
  • Political constraints (checkpoints, separation wall) and limited public transport options restrict women's mobility.
  • 15–20% higher transport costs for women compared to men.
• Urban Yemen (Sana'a):
  • Walking accounts for 55% of women's trips, while public transport covers 25%.
  • Women face higher transport costs due to fare integration issues and the need to take multiple transport means.
  • Security concerns are significant, with women more vulnerable to theft and harassment.
  • Lack of pedestrian facilities (sidewalks, crossings) and unsafe public transport (aggressive driving, poor maintenance) further limit women's mobility.
• Recommendations:
  • Improve public transport affordability and integration.
  • Enhance safety and security for women using public transport.
  • Improve pedestrian infrastructure and public transport management.

Conclusion and Recommendations

• Conclusion: Transport infrastructure and services significantly influence women's access to resources and opportunities. Inadequate transport systems, combined with social and political constraints, limit women's mobility and economic empowerment.
• Recommendations:
  • Infrastructure Provision: Expand and maintain transport infrastructure in rural and urban areas to improve access for women.
  • Organization of Public Transport: Ensure fare integration and improve the frequency and timing of public transport services to better align with women's schedules.
  • Street Life: Improve pedestrian facilities and safety measures to protect women from harassment and aggression.
  • Policy and Awareness: Promote awareness campaigns to change social norms and encourage women's participation in transport planning and usage.

Key Tables and Figures

• Table 1 & 2: Transport tariffs in Taiz and Shabwah villages.
• Table 3: % of workers in Sana'a households, by gender and zone.
• Table 4: Population of the three governorates.
• Table 5: Sample distribution.
• Table 6: Distribution of FGD participants.
• Table 7: Availability of public transport vehicles.
• Table 8: Number of transport means used per trip, by gender.
• Table 9: Number of travelers, by gender.
• Table 10: Evaluation of public transport terminals.
• Table 11: Study areas.
• Table 12: Sample size by zone and gender.
• Table 13: Sample's level of education, by gender.
• Table 14: % of household members who work, by gender.
• Table 15: Average monthly transport expenditures, by gender.
• Table 16: Use of transport means, by gender.
• Table 17: Frequency of use of public and private vehicles, by gender.
• Table 18: Preferred public transport means, by gender.
• Table 19: Main objectives of using public transport, by gender.
• Table 20: Travel patterns, by gender.
• Table 21: Interviewees' assessment of transport costs, by gender.
• Table 22: Interviewees' assessment of transport costs, by road availability.
• Table 23: % of interviewees willing to pay for transport, by gender and road availability.
• Table 24: Companion and traveled areas.
• Table 25: Women should be allowed to use public transport.
• Table 26: % of interviewees who own a cell phone, by road availability.
• Table 27: % of interviewees who visit relatives outside the village, by road availability.
• Table 28: Impact of lack of transport on female interviewees.
• Table 29: Women's access to mother and child care, by road availability.

Figures

• Figure 1: Transport means used in rural Yemen, by gender.
• Figure 2: Average household revenue in rural Yemen, by road availability.
• Figure 3: Transport costs for household chores, by gender and road availability.
• Figure 4: Level of education, by gender and road availability.
• Figure 5: Women's access to mother and child care, by road availability.
• Figure 6: % who visit relatives outside the village, by gender and road availability.
• Figure 7: Use of transport means in the West Bank, by gender.
• Figure 8: Use of transport means in Sana'a, by gender.
• Figure 9: Effect of public transport on access in the West Bank.
• Figure 10: Travel patterns in the West Bank, by gender.
• Figure 11: Average transport cost per trip in the West Bank.
• Figure 12: Average transport cost per trip in Sana'a.
• Figure 13: Incidents faced by female interviewees or their relatives in the West Bank.
• Figure 14: Major security issues for women in Sana'a, by gender.
• Figure 15: % of interviewees who have been victims of road accidents in Sana'a.

Final Remarks

The report emphasizes the need for gender-sensitive transport planning and the importance of addressing both infrastructure and social constraints to improve women's mobility and economic empowerment in the MENA region.