世界发展银行-Oceans-for-Prosperity---Reforms-for-a-Blue-Economy-in-Indonesia_41页_10mb

Summary: Reforms for a Blue Economy in Indonesia

Core Content

This report, Oceans for Prosperity: Reforms for a Blue Economy in Indonesia, outlines the importance of building a sustainable and prosperous ocean economy for Indonesia, a country with vast marine resources and a strong reliance on ocean-based activities. It emphasizes the need for integrated policy reforms and strategic investments to ensure long-term economic and environmental benefits from the ocean sectors.

Main Points

1. The Role of Oceans in Indonesia's Economy and Society

• Indonesia is an archipelagic nation with over 17,500 islands, 108,000 kilometers of coastline, and three-quarters of its territory at sea.
• The ocean plays a central role in economic activities such as fisheries, aquaculture, coastal tourism, and transportation.
• The fisheries sector contributes around US$27 billion to GDP and provides 7 million jobs.
• Coastal tourism is valued at about US$21 billion to GDP in 2019, with marine and coastal tourism accounting for 44% of foreign visitors in 2016.

2. Opportunities for Growth in the Blue Economy

• Improvements in fisheries management could increase annual production value by over US$3 billion.
• Sustainable aquaculture, especially of low-trophic species like seaweed, offers expansion potential.
• Coastal ecosystems, such as mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass, provide critical services for the economy and environment.
• There are opportunities for carbon payments from healthy coastal ecosystems, particularly mangroves and seagrass.

3. Challenges to Ocean Sectors

• Fisheries: 38% of marine capture fisheries were overfished in 2017, and 44% were fully fished, reducing returns and threatening coastal livelihoods.
• Coral Reefs: About one-third of Indonesia’s coral reefs are in poor condition, with climate change and destructive fishing practices exacerbating damage.
• Mangroves: Indonesia has the largest mangrove area globally, but it is losing mangroves at a rapid rate due to aquaculture and oil palm expansion.
• Tourism: Many coastal tourism areas lack basic infrastructure, affecting visitor experiences and increasing environmental degradation.
• Marine Debris: Indonesia contributes between 0.20 and 0.55 million tonnes of plastic waste annually, with significant economic and environmental costs.

4. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

• The pandemic caused Indonesia’s real GDP to shrink by 2.2% in 2020, marking its first recession in two decades.
• Tourism and fisheries sectors were severely impacted, with foreign visitor arrivals dropping by 72% YoY and fish prices declining by up to 60% for certain species.
• The government implemented social assistance measures, but financial constraints limited the scope of these efforts.

Key Recommendations

• Operationalize the Fisheries Management Area (WPP) system: Strengthen governance and coordination to improve fisheries management.
• Integrate WPP management with marine protected areas (MPAs): Ensure sustainable use of ocean resources through a coordinated approach.
• Implement marine spatial planning: Enhance the use of spatial planning tools to resolve land and sea use conflicts and promote integrated management.
• Expand and improve MPAs: Meet and exceed the Aichi Target 11 by increasing protected area coverage to 30 million hectares by 2030.
• Reduce marine plastic debris: Enact and enforce policies to manage waste, including Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and taxes on single-use plastics.
• Promote integrated and sustainable tourism development: Develop and implement Integrated Tourism Master Plans (ITMPs) to protect natural and cultural assets while boosting tourism.
• Strengthen coastal resilience and infrastructure: Invest in basic services and infrastructure to support both local communities and tourism activities.

Conclusion

A blue economy strategy is essential for Indonesia to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability. The report highlights the need for policy reforms, increased collaboration, and sustainable investments to address the challenges facing the ocean sectors and realize their full potential for economic and social prosperity.

Key Initiatives by the Government of Indonesia

• National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN): Aims to transform Indonesia into a developed country through sustainable ocean use.
• Oceans Policy (2017): Committed to reducing marine debris, improving fisheries management, and protecting marine ecosystems.
• Oceans Multi-Donor Trust Fund: Provides technical assistance to implement ocean policies and reduce marine debris.
• Integrated and Sustainable Tourism Development Program (P3TB): Focuses on ten priority destinations to promote sustainable tourism.
• National Action Plan on Marine Debris: Aims to reduce marine debris by 70% by 2025.

Conclusion

A sustainable blue economy can drive economic growth, improve livelihoods, and protect Indonesia’s marine and coastal ecosystems. The report underscores the importance of integrated policy reforms, collaboration, and investment to ensure long-term ocean prosperity.